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Outsourcing is a business practice in which a company hires another company or an individual to perform tasks, handle operations or provide services that are either usually executed or had previously been done in house. Outsourcing, also known as contracting out is a business practice used by companies to reduce costs or improve efficiency by shifting tasks, operations, jobs or processes to an external contracted third party for a significant period of time. When used properly, outsourcing is an effective strategy to reduce expenses, and can even provide a business with a competitive advantage over rivals. Outsourcing is usually done as a cost-cutting measure; it can affect jobs ranging from customer support to manufacturing to the back office.

In today's competitive, rapid, and continuously changing business environment, it is crucial for organizations to monitor and provide continuous feedback to their employees. As the labor market is becoming more demanding, employee retention has become a top priority for most businesses. Managers and supervisors believe that performance evaluations and appraisals should be implemented in all subsidiaries and executed on short intervals or perhaps, monthly basis. Instead of providing generic feedback once every year, managers should maintain an ongoing two ways feedback to their subordinates in order to ensure an above-satisfactory performance. Accordingly, employee performance reviews must be held out more frequently for the sake of achieving organizational accomplishments.

There is no more puzzling or better studied issue in the field of small business than what causes them to fail. Given the critical role of small businesses in the economy, the economic consequences of failure can be significant. Yet there is no definitive answer to the question. Success in business is never automatic. It isn't strictly based on luck. It depends primarily on the owner's foresight and organization. Even then, of course, there are no guarantees. Starting a small business is always risky, and the chance of success is inadequate. According to the U.S. Small Business Administration, over 50% of small businesses fail in the first year and 95% fail within the first five years.

Succession planning is the process whereby an organization ensures that employees are recruited and developed to fill each key role within the company. The succession planning process involves developing current employees' skills, knowledge and abilities and preparing them for a career advancement or promotion. Actively pursuing succession planning ensures that employees are constantly developed to fill each needed role in the organization as the organization expands, loses key employees, and provides promotional job opportunities. Succession planning guarantees the organization well- prepared employees waiting to fill the new roles. Succession planning is a strategy that ensures that organizations will continue to operate smoothly even after the organization's key positions move on to new opportunities, retire or pass away.

The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of marketing and R&D expenditures on the competitiveness of Egypt's pharmaceutical companies. In this report, Egypt Stock Exchange admitted pharmaceutical companies. Data estimator random-effect panel was used for this purpose. The results indicate that variables such as the size of a business, the capital-to-total ratio of assets and the debt-to-asset ratio affect profitability. Nonetheless, on competitiveness, business life, advertisement costs and spending in R&D are unsuccessful. Legal concerns such as the absence of patent law and the framework for pricing are reasons for the poor partnership between R&D and marketing costs and its effect on income, The results indicate that variables such as the size of a business, the capital--ratio of assets and the debt--ratio affect profitability. Nonetheless, on competitiveness, business life, advertisement costs and spending in R&D are unsuccessful. Regulatory problems including the lack of & absence of patent law and pricing controls are reasons for the poor partnership between R&D and marketing costs and its impact on the Egyptian pharmaceutical industry's profitability

Employee engagement simply refers to a workplace approach designed to ensure that employees are committed to their organization's goals and values, motivated to contribute to organizational success, and are able at the same time to enhance their own sense of well-being. Employee engagement can also be defined as the extent to which employees feel passionate about their jobs, are committed to the organization, and put discretionary effort into their work. Engaged employees look out for the needs of their coworkers and the overall enterprise, because they believe that they personally 'own' the result of their work and that of the organization. They know exactly how their work and effort contributes to the success of the organization. Empowered employees are engaged employees. They have all of the tools they need to learn and develop themselves, connect with colleagues and others throughout the organization, make their own decisions, be leaders and contribute to the success of the business. In simple terms, empowerment is a key driver of engagement.

There is no more ambiguous or better studied issue in the field of small businesses than what contributes to their failure. Given the critical role that the small businesses play in the economy, the economic consequences of their failure can be disastrous. However, there is no definitive answer to the reasons beyond the small business's failure. This study attempts to examine and analyze the catalysts of small businesses failure in general, and in the Egyptian market in specific. Success in business is never guaranteed. It is not based on luck. It depends primarily on the owner's foresight and on the organization performance. Even though, it still cannot be assured. In order to avoid business failure, it is necessary to understand the factors leading to this failure and how to successfully overcome them. The most common factors causing small businesses' failure may include: lack of funding, mismanagement of resources, lack of qualified personnel, faulty business model and wrong feasibility study.