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Intra-day price spreads are of interest to electricity traders, storage and electric vehicle operators. This paper formulates dynamic density functions, based upon skewed-t and similar representations, to model and forecast the German electricity price spreads between different hours of the day, as revealed in the day-ahead auctions. The four specifications of the density functions are dynamic and conditional upon exogenous drivers, thereby permitting the location, scale and shape parameters of the densities to respond hourly to such factors as weather and demand forecasts. The best fitting and forecasting specifications for each spread are selected based on the Pinball Loss function, following the closed-form analytical solutions of the cumulative distribution functions.

An important revenue stream for electric battery operators is often arbitraging the hourly price spreads in the day-ahead auction. The optimal approach to this is challenging if risk is a consideration as this requires the estimation of density functions. Since the hourly prices are not normal and not independent, creating spread densities from the difference of separately estimated price densities is generally intractable. Thus, forecasts of all intraday hourly spreads were directly specified as an upper triangular matrix containing densities. The model was a flexible four-parameter distribution used to produce dynamic parameter estimates conditional upon exogenous factors, most importantly wind, solar and the day-ahead demand forecasts. These forecasts supported the optimal daily scheduling of a storage facility, operating on single and multiple cycles per day. The optimization is innovative in its use of spread trades rather than hourly prices, which this paper argues, is more attractive in reducing risk. In contrast to the conventional approach of trading the daily peak and trough, multiple trades are found to be profitable and opportunistic depending upon the weather forecasts.

Eucyclops speratus (Lilljeborg, 1901) (Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Cyclopidae) was studied using various methods. Molecular genetic methods (comparison of COI and ITSn molecular markers) have shown that this species represents a species complex, and the following methods were used to search for differences between the species: analysis of qualitative and quantitative characters, linear morphometrics, landmark-based geometric morphometrics, and integumental pore pattern of the cephalothorax. Eucyclops sibiricus sp. nov. from Middle Siberia is described. The two studied species can be considered pseudocryptic; the main morphological difference between the species is the number of setules on the inner side of the first and second exopod segments of the fourth pair of swimming legs: E. sibiricus sp. nov. has 6-10 and 7-17 setules, respectively; E. speratus has 0-3 and 0-6 setules, respectively. The morphometry and integumental pore pattern of the cephalothorax were ineffective for identification and separation of species. The existing previous records of E. speratus were also analyzed, and the records of this species in the Irkutsk region (Russia), as well as in Japan and Korea, are attributed to E. sibiricus sp. nov.

BackgroundAccording to the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3, post-traumatic headache (PTH) attributed to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a secondary headache reported to have developed within 7 days from head injury, regaining consciousness following the head injury, or discontinuation of medication(s) impairing the ability to sense or report headache following the head injury. It is one of the most common secondary headache disorders, and it is defined as persistent when it lasts more than 3 months.Main bodyCurrently, due to the high prevalence of this disorder, several preclinical studies have been conducted using different animal models of mild TBI to reproduce conditions that engender PTH. Despite representing a simplification of a complex disorder and displaying different limitations concerning the human condition, animal models are still a mainstay to study in vivo the mechanisms of PTH and have provided valuable insight into the pathophysiology and possible treatment strategies. Different models reproduce different types of trauma and have been ideated in order to ensure maximal proximity to the human condition and optimal experimental reproducibility.ConclusionAt present, despite its high prevalence, PTH is not entirely understood, and the differential contribution of pathophysiological mechanisms, also observed in other conditions like migraine, has to be clarified. Although facing limitations, animal models are needed to improve understanding of PTH. The knowledge of currently available models is necessary to all researchers who want to investigate PTH and contribute to unravel its mechanisms.

The study addresses an uneven and incomplete understanding of copepod fauna in Middle Siberia, particularly in its northeastern region. While the microcrustacean composition in the Lena River Delta is well documented, the Tiksi settlement vicinity, nearby the Lena Delta, remains unexplored. This research focuses on characterizing copepod crustaceans in Tiksi's waters. The collected data enriches the microcrustacean distribution database in Arctic and Subarctic regions worldwide and facilitates an analysis of copepod faunal variation in northeastern Eurasia. A total of 64 copepod species were discovered near Tiksi, with 19 being newly identified for the region. Brackish water reservoirs and lakes demonstrated the greatest diversity within the fauna. The structure of copepod species complexes was consistent among water bodies of the same hydrological type. In brackish lagoons, bays, and lakes, species complexes exhibited intricate, multilevel functional and trophic structures. In contrast, rivers and streams displayed simplified complex structures. Around 20% of the examined fauna displayed East Asian-North American ranges, suggesting a connection to the ancient land of Beringia. Similarity among local Copepoda orders' faunas is linked to crustaceans' dispersal ability, with increasing similarity from Harpacticoida to Calanoida and Cyclopoida. Two distinct groups of regions with comparable faunas are recognized in northeastern Eurasia: European-Siberian, divided into European and Siberian branches, and Far Eastern. The potential existence of transitional zones between these groups is also discussed.

Abstract Eurytemora represents a challenging group of species due to their taxonomy, in particular the former group of cryptic species known as E. affinis sensu lato. In this paper, we analyse DNA sequences that are all available in GenBank, along with our own data on the genus Eurytemora. For this study, a set of mitochondrial and nuclear genes (CO1, nITS and 18SrRNA) was used. In total 543 sequences were analysed (437 CO1; 54 nITS; 52 18SrRNA). However, this work is mainly meta-analytical, and only 67 sequences from unstudied earlier populations or species were obtained specifically for this work to analyse the genetic differentiation of the morphologically described species. We found that relatively young species of the E. affinis complex are different from each other in the CO1 and nITS genes, but not in the conservative 18SrRNA nuclear gene. Nucleotide differences among affinis-group species in the CO1 gene are 9.4-11.8%; in the nITS genes, 1.1-5.0%. At the same time, all other studied Eurytemora species have significant differences from each other in the CO1 and nITS genes, as well as in 18SrRNA. The level of differences among the species is 13.2-19.2% for the CO1 gene, 18.0-27.6.2% for nITS genes, and 0.4-1.8% for the 18SrRNA gene.

This paper presents the methodology for determination of the parameters of interaction between a rotary-screw vehicle and ice surface. The key parameter is the value of ice cutting force by means of a screw blade. The methodology allowed to obtain results, showing that the value of the cutting force depends on shape of the helical blade. Developed model of the cutting force allowed to conclude that that the width of the cut exerts the greatest influence on the cutting force, but depth and speed of the cutting have the less influence. Analysis of the study results provides the opportunity to find rational geometric parameters of the helical blade. The methodology can be applied for rotary-screw all-terrain vehicles designing.

(Lilljeborg, 1901) (Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Cyclopidae) was studied using various methods. Molecular genetic methods (comparison of COI and ITSn molecular markers) have shown that this species represents a species complex, and the following methods were used to search for differences between the species: analysis of qualitative and quantitative characters, linear morphometrics, landmark-based geometric morphometrics, and integumental pore pattern of the cephalothorax. from Middle Siberia is described. The two studied species can be considered pseudocryptic; the main morphological difference between the species is the number of setules on the inner side of the first and second exopod segments of the fourth pair of swimming legs: has 6-10 and 7-17 setules, respectively; has 0-3 and 0-6 setules, respectively. The morphometry and integumental pore pattern of the cephalothorax were ineffective for identification and separation of species. The existing previous records of were also analyzed, and the records of this species in the Irkutsk region (Russia), as well as in Japan and Korea, are attributed to

Abstract We studied the morphology of Eurytemora from inland waters at the shores of the White and Pechora seas and from the Lena River delta, and revealed a ubiquitous presence of Eurytemora gracilicauda Akatova, which results we confirmed with genetic data. We found this species for the first time in the Pechora Sea basin. In the White Sea basin, this species was previously described as E. brodskyi Kos, with the name that we suggest is a junior synonym of E. gracilicauda. E. gracilicauda differs from the co-living species: E. lacustris (Poppe), E. arctica Wilson M. S. & Tash, and E. raboti Richard, by the structure and armament of the caudal rami and the fifth legs (P5) of males and females. The caudal rami of both males and females were elongated. The female caudal rami showed a surface covered by spines. The male caudal rami were bare, or with rare spines on the sides. The appendages of the female P5 were also elongated: the length of the inner spine on the distal exopod segment was 2.27 ± 0.12 times as long as the outer spine; the exopod of the male right P5 had a specific trigonal ledge with a short spinule, and the coxopods (both or at least one) had groups of spinules. The morphometric parameters of the females were quite stable, while those of the male showed high variability within and between populations (CV = 11.5-43.5%). Similarities and differences of E. gracilicauda and three allochoric Eurytemora species were analysed, and the results presented herein.

A new approach to synthesis of functional derivatives of 7,8-dicarba- nido -undecaborate anion based on ring-opening of its cyclic oxonium derivatives [10-(CH 2 ) 4 O-7,8-C 2 B 9 H 11 ] and [10-O(CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 O-7,8-C 2 B 9 H 11 ] with various nucleophiles was developed. Both cyclic oxonium derivatives can be obtained as single isomers by reaction of the parent anion [7,8-C 2 B 9 H 12 ] - with mercury(II) chloride in the corresponding solvents. Mechanism of formation of the cyclic oxonium derivatives of 7,8-dicarba- nido -undecaborate anion was proposed. A series of 7,8-dicarba- nido -undecaborate derivatives with terminal carboxylic and azide functions were prepared by the ring-opening reactions of the cyclic oxonium derivatives with substituted phenolate and azide ions, respectively.