Explore the vast range of titles available.

Biosurfactants (BS) are highly emulsifying, biodegradable, non- or low-toxic, stable and multifunctional molecules. However, high production costs and low yields limit their large-scale production and use. Consequently, using low-cost substrates (waste) and optimizing production conditions are necessary to reduce production costs and increase the yield of biosurfactants. This study aimed to optimize the conditions for the production of BS by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pa using rubber tree seed oil RO (Hevea brasiliensis), a cheap and available substrate, as the sole carbon source. Factors significantly influencing biosurfactant production were screened using a Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response was based on the emulsification index. The selected factors were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) through a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The biosurfactant produced under the optimized conditions was extracted by the coupled method of acid precipitation and organic solvent extraction using different solvents. PBD results showed that the initial pH of the production medium, NaCl concentration and rubber tree seed oil concentration significantly influenced BS production. Optimal levels of these factors were obtained for a pH of 8.7, a NaCl concentration of 0.072% and a rubber tree seed oil concentration of 6.91%. Under optimized culture conditions, the emulsification index of the biosurfactant produced reached 92.15 ± 0.89%. Rubber tree seed oil showed a BS production capacity superior to commercial carbon sources (conventional sources). Diethyl ether was chosen as a suitable solvent for extracting biosurfactant from the cell-free supernatant. This study showed that the use of rubber tree seed oil, an agro-industrial waste product, is efficient and guarantees the economic feasibility and sustainability of biosurfactant production.

A new electrode based on carbon paste (CP) modified with natural clay was used for heavy metals detection. The investigation of the raw clay material (X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermal analysis and particle size distribution) revealed different morpho-structural properties of the natural material. The electrochemical behaviour of the modified carbon paste electrode and its ability to detect heavy metals (Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Cu 2+ ) was studied by different electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Both electrochemical and analytical parameters of the investigated modified electrode recommend them as stable, sensitive and reproducible sensors for individual heavy metals detection.