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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a subset of cells within tumours that exhibit self-renewal properties and the capacity to seed tumours. CSCs are typically refractory to conventional treatments and have been associated to metastasis and relapse. Salinomycin operates as a selective agent against CSCs through mechanisms that remain elusive. Here, we provide evidence that a synthetic derivative of salinomycin, which we named ironomycin (AM5), exhibits a more potent and selective activity against breast CSCs in vitro and in vivo , by accumulating and sequestering iron in lysosomes. In response to the ensuing cytoplasmic depletion of iron, cells triggered the degradation of ferritin in lysosomes, leading to further iron loading in this organelle. Iron-mediated production of reactive oxygen species promoted lysosomal membrane permeabilization, activating a cell death pathway consistent with ferroptosis. These findings reveal the prevalence of iron homeostasis in breast CSCs, pointing towards iron and iron-mediated processes as potential targets against these cells. Cancer stem cells are typically refractory to conventional treatments. Now, an unprecedented mechanism has been discovered by which salinomycin and derivatives can sequester iron in lysosomes leading to cytoplasmic iron depletion and the subsequent production of reactive oxygen species that are lethal to the cell. This discovery of the importance of iron in cancer stem cell maintenance provides an opportunity for developing new therapeutics.

The purpose of this research is to understand the conceptualizations and emotional responses produced by diversities in thirteen teacher trainers of the Primary Education Pedagogy degree, of a Chilean university with an important trajectory in teacher training in the Metropolitan Region, the national capital. A qualitative approach was used through semi-structured and projective interviews. The data were analyzed following the data analysis spiral proposed by Creswell (2013). It is concluded that the trainers have a descriptive representation of diversity that that does not consider inequalities, discriminations, or conflicts. Regarding their emotional responses about diversity, they positively value the possibility of new learning and an epistemic openness that generates multiple challenges. They also express not being prepared to deal with diversity in the pedagogical space, discomfort regarding certain diversities and an epistemic tension toward the concept of diversity and the classifications that may cause discrimination.

Dengue viruses cause hundreds of millions of infections every year in tropical and subtropical countries. Unfortunately, there is not a single universal vector control method capable of suppressing Aedes aegypti (L.) populations. Amongst novel control tools or approaches are various types of traps targeting gravid females or their eggs. Here, we provide details of the operational use of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention autocidal gravid ovitrap (CDC-AGO trap) for the surveillance and control of Ae. aegypti. Adult mosquitoes were monitored every week in 2 isolated neighborhoods treated with 3 AGO traps per house in 85% of houses and in 2 reference neighborhoods without control traps. Between March 2013 and April 2015 we serviced the AGO traps 14 times in each community (every 2 months). Common trap problems were absent or broken trap tops (1–1.5%), flooded (0.1–0.7%) or dry (0.5–1.3%) traps, and missing (0.3–0.8%) or vandalized (0.5–1.4%) traps. Most traps kept a volume of infusion between 45% and 97% of their original volume (10 liters). Nontarget organisms captured in AGO traps were mostly small flies, and to a lesser extent ants, cockroaches, grasshoppers, butterflies, dragonflies, and lizards. Trap coverage ranged between 83% and 87% of houses in both communities throughout the study. We interpret such high levels of trap retention over time as an expression of acceptance by the community.

With this document, we want to know the business model of the Microfranchises and how they contribute to the generation of jobs and sustainable income in the low-income population of the Colombian Caribbean region. For this, the state of the art is presented with the concepts of franchise models, microfranchises and their evolution over the years. The results of the review show that even though there is no specific legal regulation, this has not been a problem for the creation of Microfranchises in Colombia. It is also evident that increasing access to financial services for the lower income population is necessary, but not the only ingredient as a solution to poverty, increasing access to scalable business opportunities as an important aspect; Microfranchises as a proven business format provide such access with key characteristics such as self-sustainability, the amount of investment required and the social impact it can generate; in this regard, it is important to continue the work of sensitization of the business model among entrepreneurs, national and international partners and experts in the thematic consultants. Finally, it points out that the methodology used in the study is theoretical, which required review of literature, from which was extracted the conclusions of the authors, not without first considered the context of the Colombian Caribbean coast.

Gravid traps that collect eggs or adult mosquitoes use color, size, or volume as well as water or plant infusions as attractants. Biorational larvicides have been used to prevent these devices from producing adult mosquitoes within the traps. Results from field assays on the use of several biorational larvicides for various mosquito species have provided mixed results in terms of increased, neutral, or reduced attraction. We investigated the use of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis , spinosad, and novaluron in field assays in Puerto Rico to evaluate the behavioral response of Aedes aegypti and Culex spp. to autocidal gravid ovitraps (AGO traps). The purpose of the study was to increase the safety of these traps by preventing accidental release of adult mosquitoes when traps are opened or damaged. We also investigated whether trap color (blue, green, terracotta) that may be more amenable for use by residents in their properties induced a similar attraction response to the original black trap color. We found that the use of biorational larvicides did not significantly change the behavioral attraction of these mosquito species to AGO traps. For Ae. aegypti , green traps yielded the lowest captures while black, terracotta, and blue produced similar higher yields. Culex spp. in black traps showed significantly higher captures compared with other colors. These results suggest that black, terracotta, or blue AGO traps can be used for the surveillance and control of Ae. aegypti .

Background The developing fetuses of pregnant women are at high risk of developing serious birth defects following Zika virus infections. We applied an Integrated Vector Control (IVC) approach using source reduction, larviciding, and mass trapping with non-insecticidal sticky traps to protect targeted houses by reducing the density of female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Methods We tested the hypothesis that Ae. aegypti density could be reduced to below three female mosquitoes/trap/week around a target house in the center of a circular area with a 150 m radius using IVC. Two non-adjacent areas within the same neighbourhood were selected and randomly designated as the treatment or control areas. Sentinel Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps (SAGO traps) were placed in each study area and were sampled weekly from May to November, during the 2016 Zika epidemic in Puerto Rico. The experimental design was longitudinal with pre-and post-IVC treatment observations between treatment and control areas, and a partial cross-over design, where IVC was applied to the original control area after 2 months to determine if Ae. aegypti density converged to levels observed in the treatment area. Pools of female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were analyzed by RT-PCR to detect Zika, dengue and chikungunya virus RNA. Results Overall, pre-treatment mosquito densities in the inner (0–50 m; 15.6 mosquitoes/trap/week), intermediate (50–100 m; 18.1) and outer rings (100–150 m; 15.6) were reduced after treatment to 2.8, 4.1, and 4.3 in the inner, middle, and outer rings, respectively. Density at the target house in the treatment area changed from 27.7 mosquitoes/trap/week before IVC to 2.1 after IVC (92.4% reduction), whereas after treating the original control area (cross-over) density changed from 22.4 to 3.5 (84.3% reduction). Vector reductions were sustained in both areas after IVC. Zika virus was detected in Ae. aegypti , but the low incidence of the virus precluded assessing the impact of IVC on Zika transmission during the study. Conclusions Applying IVC to circular areas that were surrounded by untreated areas significantly decreased the number of mosquitoes around target houses located in the center. Gravid Ae. aegypti females in the center of the 150 m areas fell below threshold levels that possibly protect against novel invading arboviruses, such as chikungunya and Zika.

Public health responses to outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus have been stymied by the inability to control the primary vector, Aedes aegypti mosquitos. Consequently, the need for novel approaches to Aedes vector control is urgent. Placement of three autocidal gravid ovitraps (AGO traps) in ~85% of homes in a community was previously shown to sustainably reduce the density of female Ae. aegypti by >80%. Following the introduction of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) to Puerto Rico, we conducted a seroprevalence survey to estimate the prevalence of CHIKV infection in communities with and without AGO traps and evaluate their effect on reducing CHIKV transmission. Multivariate models that calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) showed that among 175 and 152 residents of communities with and without AGO traps, respectively, an estimated 26.1% and 43.8% had been infected with CHIKV (aPR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.37-0.91). After stratification by time spent in their community, protection from CHIKV infection was strongest among residents who reported spending many or all weekly daytime hours in their community:10.3% seropositive in communities with AGO traps vs. 48.7% in communities without (PR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.11-0.41). The age-adjusted rate of fever with arthralgia attributable to CHIKV infection was 58% (95% CI: 46-66%). The monthly number of CHIKV-infected mosquitos and symptomatic residents were diminished in communities with AGO traps compared to those without. These findings indicate that AGO traps are an effective tool that protects humans from infection with a virus transmitted by Ae. aegypti mosquitos. Future studies should evaluate their protective effectiveness in large, urban communities.

Con el presente documento se busca conocer el modelo de negocios de las Microfranquicias y cómo contribuyen en la generación de empleos e ingresos sostenibles en la población de bajos ingresos de la región caribe colombiana. Para ello, se presenta el estado del arte con los conceptos de los modelos de franquicia, Microfranquicias y su evolución a lo largo de los años. Los resultados de la revisión evidencian que aun cuando no se dispone de regulación legal específica, esto no ha sido un problema para la creación de Microfranquicias en Colombia. También se evidencia que el incremento del acceso a los servicios financieros de la población de menores ingresos es necesario, pero no el único ingrediente como solución de la pobreza, se debe aumentar el acceso a oportunidades de negocios escalable como aspecto importante; las Microfranquicias como formato de negocio probado proveen ese acceso con características claves como la auto-sostenibilidad, bajo monto de inversión requerido y el impacto social que puede generar; al respecto es importante se continúe con la labor de sensibilización del modelo empresarial entre emprendedores, aliados nacionales e internacionales y consultores expertos en la temática. Finalmente, se señala que la metodología empleada en el estudio es de carácter teórico, el cual requirió revisión de literatura, a partir del cual se extrajeron las conclusiones de los autores, no sin antes considerase el contexto de la costa caribe colombiana. La presente investigación es cualitativa de carácter descriptivo y explicativo. Se utilizaron diversas fuentes de información secundaria a partir del cual se extrajeron las conclusiones de los autores, considerando previamente el contexto de la costa caribe colombiana.

In this article we consider the possibility of establishing an archeology that exists without excavation in the social, political, and academic scene in which we carried out an archaeological research project from 2006 through the present. The project focuses on the study of both social and material changes that have occurred after the Inca and Spanish conquests in Humahuaca and the Quebrada de Calete, located in the Quebrada de Humahuaca, in Argentina's Department of Humahuaca. Despite tensions between indigenous communities and archaeologists in Latin America, and particularly in our geographical region of study--and based on a specific dispute from 2012--we examine here the processes these communities are going through, as well as our position as archaeologists and the place of excavation within the discipline itself.

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del análisis llevado a cabo sobre pigmentos de color negro pertenecientes a fragmentos cerámicos del estilo \"negro sobre rojo\", \"negro y blanco sobre rojo\" e \"interior negro pulido\" procedentes de la Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina.