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7 result(s) for "Adão, Diana"
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Establishment and characterization of human pluripotent stem cells-derived brain organoids to model cerebellar diseases
The establishment of robust human brain organoids to model cerebellar diseases is essential to study new therapeutic strategies for cerebellum-associated disorders. Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is a cerebellar hereditary neurodegenerative disease, without therapeutic options able to prevent the disease progression. In the present work, control and MJD induced-pluripotent stem cells were used to establish human brain organoids. These organoids were characterized regarding brain development, cell type composition, and MJD-associated neuropathology markers, to evaluate their value for cerebellar diseases modeling. Our data indicate that the organoids recapitulated, to some extent, aspects of brain development, such as astroglia emerging after neurons and the presence of ventricular-like zones surrounded by glia and neurons that are found only in primate brains. Moreover, the brain organoids presented markers of neural progenitors proliferation, neuronal differentiation, inhibitory and excitatory synapses, and firing neurons. The established brain organoids also exhibited markers of cerebellar neurons progenitors and mature cerebellar neurons. Finally, MJD brain organoids showed higher ventricular-like zone numbers, an indication of lower maturation, and an increased number of ataxin-3-positive aggregates, compared with control organoids. Altogether, our data indicate that the established organoids recapitulate important characteristics of human brain development and exhibit cerebellar features, constituting a resourceful tool for testing therapeutic approaches for cerebellar diseases.
A prenatal skin atlas reveals immune regulation of human skin morphogenesis
Human prenatal skin is populated by innate immune cells, including macrophages, but whether they act solely in immunity or have additional functions in morphogenesis is unclear. Here we assembled a comprehensive multi-omics reference atlas of prenatal human skin (7–17 post-conception weeks), combining single-cell and spatial transcriptomics data, to characterize the microanatomical tissue niches of the skin. This atlas revealed that crosstalk between non-immune and immune cells underpins the formation of hair follicles, is implicated in scarless wound healing and is crucial for skin angiogenesis. We systematically compared a hair-bearing skin organoid (SkO) model derived from human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells to prenatal and adult skin 1 . The SkO model closely recapitulated in vivo skin epidermal and dermal cell types during hair follicle development and expression of genes implicated in the pathogenesis of genetic hair and skin disorders. However, the SkO model lacked immune cells and had markedly reduced endothelial cell heterogeneity and quantity. Our in vivo prenatal skin cell atlas indicated that macrophages and macrophage-derived growth factors have a role in driving endothelial development. Indeed, vascular network remodelling was enhanced following transfer of autologous macrophages derived from induced pluripotent stem cells into SkO cultures. Innate immune cells are therefore key players in skin morphogenesis beyond their conventional role in immunity, a function they achieve through crosstalk with non-immune cells. A comprehensive multi-omics reference atlas of prenatal human skin shows that innate immune cells crosstalk with non-immune cells to perform pivotal roles in skin morphogenesis, including the formation of hair follicles.
Characterization of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia by aCGH/MLPA
A Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica (LLC) é o tipo de leucemia mais frequente na população adulta de países ocidentais, cuja idade média ao diagnóstico varia entre os 67 e os 72 anos. É caracterizada pela expansão clonal e acumulação de linfócitos B neoplásicos no sangue periférico e na medula óssea, resistentes à apoptose e imunologicamente incompetentes. Estas células têm também a capacidade de infiltrar outros órgãos como o baço ou o fígado.Os indivíduos com LLC apresentam diversas alterações genómicas características, que estão associadas a diferentes subtipos da doença com diferentes comportamentos biológicos e clínicos. Os dois principais subtipos de LLC são caracterizados pela ausência ou presença de genes mutados na região codificante da cadeia pesada da região variável das imunoglobulinas (IGHV), sendo que o estado não mutado destes genes é o que constitui a situação de doença mais agressiva. A sobre-expressão dos genes CD38 e ZAP70 é um parâmetro que auxilia na estratificação de doentes em grupos com diferentes prognósticos que, possivelmente, necessitam de diferentes estratégias terapêuticas. Para além destes marcadores, podem ocorrer alterações epigenéticas; mutações somáticas nos genes MYD88, NOTCH1, SF3B1 e TP53; variações no número de cópias (CNVs) de segmentos de DNA; trissomias 9, 12, 18 e 19, e translocações que envolvam o locus IGH. Uma CNV é um segmento de DNA com pelo menos 1 kilobase (Kb) que apresenta variação no número das suas cópias (perda ou ganho) relativamente a um DNA de referência de um indivíduo saudável. Uma translocação recíproca é uma troca de posições entre dois segmentos de DNA, entre cromossomas não homólogos. Ao longo das últimas décadas estas alterações têm vindo a ser detetadas, na prática clínica, pela técnica de Hibridização Fluorescente In Situ aplicada a células em interfase (iFISH). A iFISH permitiu realizar uma melhor estratificação destes doentes em diferentes grupos, aos quais são associados diferentes prognósticos. Estes grupos baseiam-se na presença de: (i) deleção em 13q como única alteração; (ii) nenhuma alteração; (iii) trissomia 12; (iv) deleção em 11q e (v) deleção em 17p (grupos apresentados por ordem crescente de pior prognóstico previsto), sendo (i) o grupo de melhor prognóstico e (v) o de pior prognóstico. Posteriormente, foram adicionadas a este painel sondas para a deteção da deleção em 6q e translocações do gene IGH. No entanto, devido à heterogeneidade biológica e clínica desta doença, existe consciência da importância de procurar novas CNVs com possível valor como marcadores de prognóstico. De facto, nem todas as terapias desenvolvidas são aplicáveis a doentes com diferentes tipos de alterações. Um exemplo disso é o caso dos doentes com a del(17p) e/ou mutação do gene TP53. Neste grupo de doentes, a quimioimunoterapia é altamente desaconselhada devido ao facto de esta recorrer a agentes dependentes da atividade da proteína p53 que, por estar ausente e/ou mutada nos doentes com del(17p) e/ou mutação do gene TP53, impede que esta terapêutica conduza a resultados favoráveis. Assim sendo, os doentes com estas alterações são candidatos a terapêutica dirigida recorrendo a inibidores da via BTK, como o ibrutinib.Com este trabalho piloto, o nosso grupo realizou a caracterização de uma coorte de 20 doentes com LLC, ao nível do seu conteúdo em CNVs. Para tal, aplicámos as técnicas de Amplificação Multiplex de Sondas Dependente de Ligação (MLPA) e arrays de Hibridização Genómica Comparativa (aCGH), após extração de DNA a partir de células mononucleares do sangue periférico (PBMCs), e tendo em conta o genoma de referência GRCh37/hg9 (Genome Reference Consortium Human Build 37/human genome 19). Após a obtenção de resultados, fizemos um estudo de sobrevivência global ao longo de um período médio de follow-upde 114 meses, aplicando o método estatístico de Kaplan-Meier. Com base nos resultados de MLPA, dividimos as amostras em duas categorias: um grupo com doentes que tinham ≥2 alterações e outro com doentes que tinham <2 alterações. Interpretámos, também, a distribuição de algumas das alterações que detetámos em maior frequência: del(11q), del(14q), e mutação no gene NOTCH1, em doentes agrupados de acordo com o seu estadiamento pelos sistemas Binet e Rai (sistemas de classificação de estadiamento específicos para LLC). Para tal, aplicámos o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson.
ARPocketLab—A Mobile Augmented Reality System for Pedagogic Applications
The widespread adoption of digital technologies in educational systems has been globally reflecting a shift in pedagogic content delivery that seems to fit modern generations of students while tackling relevant challenges faced by the current scholar context, e.g., progress traceability, pedagogic content fair access and intuitive visual representativeness, mobility issue mitigation, and sustainability in crisis situations. Among these technologies, augmented reality (AR) emerges as a particularly promising approach, allowing the visualization of computer-generated interactive data on top of real-world elements, thus enhancing comprehension and intuition regarding educational content, often in mobile settings. While the application of AR to education has been widely addressed, issues related to performance interaction and cognitive performance are commonly addressed, with lesser attention paid to the limitations associated with setup complexity, mostly related to experiences configurating tools, or contextual range, i.e., technical/scientific domain targeting versatility. Therefore, this paper introduces ARPocketLab, a digital, mobile, flexible, and scalable solution designed for the dynamic needs of modern tutorship. With a dual-interface system, it allows both educators and students to interactively design and engage with AR content directly tied to educational outcomes. Moreover, ARPocketLab’s design, aimed at handheld operationalization using a minimal set of physical resources, is particularly relevant in environments where educational materials are scarce or in situations where remote learning becomes necessary. Its versatility stems from the fact that it only requires a marker or a surface (e.g., a table) to function at full capacity. To evaluate the solution, tests were conducted with 8th-grade Portuguese students within the context of Physics and Chemistry subject. Results demonstrate the application’s effectiveness in providing didactic assistance, with positive feedback not only in terms of usability but also regarding learning performance. The participants also reported openness for the adoption of AR in pedagogic contexts.
The Tiny Big Difference: Nanotechnology in Photoprotective Innovations – A Systematic Review
UV radiation causes long- and short-term skin damage, such as erythema and skin cancer. Therefore, the use of sunscreens is extremely important. However, concerns about UV filter safety have prompted exploration into alternative solutions, with nanotechnology emerging as a promising avenue. This systematic review identified 23 experimental studies utilizing nanocarriers to encapsulate sunscreens with the aim of enhancing their efficacy and safety. Polymeric and lipid nanoparticles are frequently employed to encapsulate both organic and inorganic UV filters along with natural antioxidants. Nanocarriers have demonstrated benefits including reduced active ingredient usage, increased sun protection factor, and mitigated photoinstability. Notably, they also decreased the skin absorption of UV filters. In summary, nanocarriers represent a viable strategy for improving sunscreen formulations, offering enhanced physicochemical properties and bolstered photoprotective effects, thereby addressing concerns regarding UV filter safety and efficacy in cosmetic applications. Graphical Abstract