Explore the vast range of titles available.

PurposeFalse-negative findings in radiological reports can lead to serious adverse patient outcomes. We determined the frequency and tendency of false-negative findings in radiological reports by searching for words related to “visible in retrospect”.MethodsIn the period of 34 months, we extracted radiological reports containing words related to “visible in retrospect”. Of these reports, we extracted false-negative findings that were not described in past reports and were first detected retrospectively. Misinterpretations were excluded. The occurrences of the terms that we identified were analyzed by all examinations, modality, month, and anatomical and lesion classifications were analyzed.ResultsOf the 135,251 examinations, 941 reports (0.71%) with 962 findings were detected, with an average of 1.4 findings per business day. By modality, 713 of 81,899 (0.87%) CT examinations, 208 of 36,174 (0.57%) MR, 34 of 9,585 (0.35%) FDG-PET-CT, 2 of 2,258 (0.09%) digital radiography, and 5 of 5,335 (0.09%) other nuclear medicine examinations were found. By anatomical classification, there were 383 (40%) in chest, 353 (37%) in abdomen, 162 (17%) in head, 42 (4.4%) in face and neck, 9 (0.93%) in extremity, and 13 (1.4%) in others. By lesion classification, we identified 665 (69%) for localized lesion, 170 (18%) for vascular lesion, 83 (8.6%) for inflammatory lesion, 14 (1.5%) for traumatic lesion, 12 (1.2%) for organ dysfunction, 11 (1.1%) for degenerative lesion, and 7 (0.7%) for the others. Notable high-frequency specific site diseases by modality were 210 (22%) of localized lesions in lung on CT.ConclusionOur results demonstrated that missed lung localized lesions on CT, which account for about a fifth of false-negative findings, were the most common false-negative finding.

• The cadmium (Cd) over-accumulating rice (Oryza sativa) cv Cho-Ko-Koku was previously shown to have an enhanced rate of root-to-shoot Cd translocation. This trait is controlled by a single recessive allele located at qCdT7. • In this study, using positional cloning and transgenic strategies, heavy metal ATPase 3 (OsHMA3) was identified as the gene that controls root-to-shoot Cd translocation rates. The subcellular localization and Cd-transporting activity of the gene products were also investigated. • The allele of OsHMA3 that confers high root-to-shoot Cd translocation rates (OsHMA3mc) encodes a defective P₁B-ATPase transporter. OsHMA3 fused to green fluorescent protein was localized to vacuolar membranes in plants and yeast. An OsHMA3 transgene complemented Cd sensitivity in a yeast mutant that lacks the ability to transport Cd into vacuoles. By contrast, OsHMA3mc did not complement the Cd sensitivity of this yeast mutant, indicating that the OsHMA3mc transport function was lost. • We propose that the root cell cytoplasm of Cd-overaccumulating rice plants has more Cd available for loading into the xylem as a result of the lack of OsHMA3-mediated transportation of Cd to the vacuoles. This defect results in Cd translocation to the shoots in higher concentrations. These data demonstrate the importance of vacuolar sequestration for Cd accumulation in rice.

Progranulin (PGRN) has been reported to bind tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor and to inhibit TNFα signaling. We evaluated the effect of augmentation of TNFα signaling by PGRN deficiency on the progression of kidney injury. Eight-week-old PGRN knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed a standard diet or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Albuminuria, markers of tubular damage, and renal mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines were higher in HFD-fed KO (KO-HFD) mice than in HFD-fed WT (WT-HFD) mice. Body weight, vacuolization in proximal tubules, and systemic and adipose tissue inflammatory markers were lower in the KO-HFD mice than in the WT-HFD mice. The renal megalin expression was lower in the KO mice than in the WT mice regardless of the diet type. The megalin expression was also reduced in mouse proximal tubule epithelial cells stimulated with TNFα and in those with PGRN knockdown by small interfering RNA in vitro. PGRN deficiency was associated with both exacerbated renal inflammation and decreased systemic inflammation, including that in the adipose tissue of mice with HFD-induced obesity. Improved tubular vacuolization in the KO-HFD mice might partially be explained by the decreased expression of megalin in proximal tubules.

Raman spectroscopy was applied to study the structural differences between herpes simplex virus Type I (HSV-1) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Raman spectra were first collected with statistical validity on clusters of the respective virions and analyzed according to principal component analysis (PCA). Then, average spectra were computed and a machine-learning approach applied to deconvolute them into sub-band components in order to perform comparative analyses. The Raman results revealed marked structural differences between the two viral strains, which could mainly be traced back to the massive presence of carbohydrates in the glycoproteins of EBV virions. Clear differences could also be recorded for selected tyrosine and tryptophan Raman bands sensitive to pH at the virion/environment interface. According to the observed spectral differences, Raman signatures of known biomolecules were interpreted to link structural differences with the viral functions of the two strains. The present study confirms the unique ability of Raman spectroscopy for answering structural questions at the molecular level in virology and, despite the structural complexity of viral structures, its capacity to readily and reliably differentiate between different virus types and strains.

Physical findings of auscultation cannot be quantified at the arteriovenous fistula examination site during daily dialysis treatment. Consequently, minute changes over time cannot be recorded based only on subjective observations. In this study, we sought to supplement the daily arteriovenous fistula consultation for hemodialysis patients by recording the sounds made by the arteriovenous fistula and evaluating the sounds using deep learning methods to provide an objective index. We sampled arteriovenous fistula auscultation sounds (192 kHz, 24 bits) recorded over 1 min from 20 patients. We also extracted arteriovenous fistula sounds for each heartbeat without environmental sound by using a convolutional neural network (CNN) model, which was made by comparing these sound patterns with 5000 environmental sounds. The extracted single-heartbeat arteriovenous fistula sounds were sent to a spectrogram and scored using a CNN learning model with bidirectional long short-term memory, in which the degree of arteriovenous fistula stenosis was assigned to one of five sound types (i.e., normal, hard, high, intermittent, and whistling). After 100 training epochs, the method exhibited an accuracy rate of 70–93%. According to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the area under the ROC curves (AUC) was 0.75–0.92. The analysis of arteriovenous fistula sound using deep learning has the potential to be used as an objective index in daily medical care.

Aims/Introduction Urinary kidney injury molecule‐1 (KIM‐1) has been associated with proximal tubular damage in human and animal studies. Although it has been recognized as a biomarker of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, its significance in the serum remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the relationship of serum and urinary KIM‐1 levels with renal parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods Serum and urinary KIM‐1 levels, together with urinary liver‐type fatty acid‐binding protein, were measured in 602 patients with type 2 diabetes and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2. These were then compared with the urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio and eGFR. Results The serum and urinary KIM‐1 levels were significantly different among the three (eGFR ≥60, 45–59, <45 mL/min/1.73 m2) groups. These levels were positively associated with the albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio and negatively associated with eGFR. In a multivariate logistic model, both serum and urinary KIM‐1 were associated with an increased albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (>30 mg/g Cr), but only the serum KIM‐1 was associated with a lower eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2), after adjustment for covariates. Conclusions Renal parameters appear to be strongly associated with serum KIM‐1, and not urinary KIM‐1, in patients with type 2 diabetes and an eGFR ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2. Both serum and urinary kidney injury molecule‐1 were associated with an increased albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio, but only serum kidney injury molecule‐1 was associated with a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate after adjustment for covariates in patients with type 2 diabetes and an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) 3, a copper (Cu)-containing anti-oxidative enzyme, plays a key role in extracellular redox homeostasis. Cu chaperone antioxidant-1 (Atox-1) not only delivers Cu ions to SOD3 at the trans-Golgi network, it also functions as a transcription factor of SOD3; however, the role of Atox-1 in the regulation of SOD3 during the monocytic differentiation of THP-1 cells has not yet been elucidated. A treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced the expression of the Cu transport protein ATP7A in THP-1 cells. On the other hand, the nuclear translocation of Atox-1 was detected in TPA-treated THP-1 cells, and was suppressed in the presence of the Cu chelator, bathocuproinedisulfonic acid. Furthermore, Atox-1 bound to the SOD3 promoter region in TPA-treated THP-1 cells. The overexpression of Atox-1 in THP-1 cells significantly enhanced TPA-elicited SOD3 expression, whereas its knockdown suppressed this induction. The present results demonstrate that Atox-1 functions as a key molecule in TPA-elicited SOD3 expression.

PurposeIn contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic CT (CE-APCT) for oncologic follow-up, ultrahigh-resolution CT (UHRCT) may improve depiction of fine lesions and low-dose scans are desirable for minimizing the potential adverse effects by ionizing radiation. We compared image quality and radiologists’ acceptance of model-based iterative (MBIR) and deep learning (DLR) reconstructions of low-dose CE-APCT by UHRCT.MethodsUsing our high-resolution (matrix size: 1024) and low-dose (tube voltage 100 kV; noise index: 20–40 HU) protocol, we scanned phantoms to compare the modulation transfer function and noise power spectrum between MBIR and DLR and assessed findings in 36 consecutive patients who underwent CE-APCT (noise index: 35 HU; mean CTDIvol: 4.2 ± 1.6 mGy) by UHRCT. We used paired t-test to compare objective noise and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare radiologists’ subjective acceptance regarding noise, image texture and appearance, and diagnostic confidence between MBIR and DLR using our routine protocol (matrix size: 512; tube voltage: 120 kV; noise index: 15 HU) for reference.ResultsPhantom studies demonstrated higher spatial resolution and lower low-frequency noise by DLR than MBIR at equal doses. Clinical studies indicated significantly worse objective noise, CNR, and subjective noise by DLR than MBIR, but other subjective characteristics were better (P < 0.001 for all). Compared with the routine protocol, subjective noise was similar or better by DLR, and other subjective characteristics were similar or worse by MBIR.ConclusionImage quality, except regarding noise characteristics, and acceptance by radiologists were better by DLR than MBIR in low-dose CE-APCT by UHRCT.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) can be partially converted into particulate organic matter via aggregation. Although surface coagulation by bubbles is known to be an aggregation process, a few studies have tested its efficacy for aggregating natural DOM. In the research described here, we tested surface coagulation by bubbles using natural seawater collected from different locations, and achieved organic matter aggregation (OC agg ) at the concentrations up to 0.619 μM. In addition, the test using seawater enriched with nutrient showed that OC agg was 0.559 μM. We also evaluated aggregation in mesocosm through 40 days. The OC agg concentrations increased after nutrient depletion (0.858–1.34 μM), and the OC agg /DOC ratio reached its maximum on day 18 (1.24 ± 0.19%).