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The rising global energy demand, along with the growth of electric power transmission and distribution systems, has intensified the need to incorporate renewable energy sources to foster sustainable development. However, achieving optimal operation within such systems poses significant challenges due to the stochastic nature of renewable energy generation. As a result, the optimal power flow (OPF) problem becomes increasingly complex when addressing the inherent uncertainty of renewable inputs. This study presents a new approach to addressing the OPF problem through the implementation of a hybrid Weighted Mean of Vectors Optimization Algorithm (INFO) based on artificial rabbits optimization (ARO) called ARINFO technique. The proposed ARINFO algorithm aims to reach an exploration-exploitation balance to improve search efficiency. To effectively manage the uncertainty associated with renewable energy output, modifications are implemented on standard test systems: in the IEEE 30-bus system (consisting of 30 buses, 6 thermal generators, and 41 branches), three thermal units are substituted with two wind turbines and one solar photovoltaic (PV) generator; a similar modification is made to the IEEE 57-bus system (which includes 57 buses, 7 thermal generators, and 80 branches) and large scale test system (IEEE 118-bus system). The stochastic characteristics of wind and solar power are modeled using Weibull and lognormal distributions, respectively. Their impact on the OPF problem is examined by incorporating reserve and penalty costs for overestimating and underestimating power output. Load demand variability is also assessed through standard probability density functions (PDF) to capture its uncertainty. Furthermore, operational constraints of thermal generators, such as ramp rate limits, are considered. The performance of the ARINFO algorithm is rigorously evaluated through 23 benchmark functions and the CEC-2022 test suite, with its effectiveness compared against nine established optimization methods. The results demonstrate that ARINFO achieved 1st rank overall on both the CEC-2017 and CEC-2022 test suites. When applied to the modified IEEE 30-bus system, ARINFO achieved a minimum generation cost of 781.1538$/h, reduced emissions to 0.0922140 t/h, and minimized power losses to 1.734974 MW. For the larger IEEE 57-bus system, it attained a total cost of 20193.270 $ /h, confirming its scalability and superior performance in managing the OPF problem under uncertainty in both generation and demand scenarios.

Building upon Brass’ previous research on Jebel Moya, which included a comprehensive reanalysis of the pottery from Wellcome's 1911–14 expeditions curated at the British Museum, new research activities by the University College London–University of Khartoum–NCAM Expedition to the Southern Gezira project have included locating and examining for the first time the Late Mesolithic sherds from Jebel Moya curated at the National Museum in Khartoum. Representative samples from the sites of Shaqadud Midden and Shaqadud S21 at the British Museum have also been re-examined. The aims of these activities were threefold: to test the reliability and cohesiveness of and patterning in the Shaqadud collection through the expanded application of attribute analysis, to determine if Caneva's observations of décor patterns on Jebel Moya's Late Mesolithic sherds could be replicated and to obtain better visibility into the nature of its pottery assemblage from this time, and to use the resulting data to test the viability of the central Sudan being a fulcrum of cultural interchanges during the late sixth and early fifth millennium BC. We conclude that there was a piecemeal establishment of networks along which there was diffusion of ideas and animals, and perhaps low numbers of people, into the central and south-central Sudan. بناء على البحوث السابقة التي أجراها مايكل براس حول جبل مویة والذي تضمن إعادة تحلیل شاملة للفخار من بعثات ویلكام 1911–1914 برعایة المتحف البریطاني، وأنشطة بحثیة جدیدة من قبل مشروع البعثة المشتركة لكلیة لندن الجامعیة وجامعة الخرطوم إلى جنوب ولایة الجزیرة، والتي شملت تحدید موقع وفحص، للمرة الأولى، شقف العصر الحجري الوسیط المتأخر من جبل مویة، والمحفوظة في المتحف الوطني بالخرطوم . بالإضافة إلى إعادة فحص عینات تمثیلیة من مواقع وسط شقادود وشقادود S21 الموجودة بالمتحف البریطاني . لھذه الأنشطة ثلاث أھداف : اختبار دقة وتجانس الانماط في مجموعة شقادود من خلال التطبیق الموسع لتحلیل السمات، لتحدید ما إذا كانت ملاحظات كانیفا عن أنماط الزخرفة على شقف العصر الحجري الوسیط المتأخر لجبل مویة یمكن تكرارھا، كذلك الحصول على صورة أفضل عن طبیعة مجموعة الفخار في ھذه الفترة، واستخدام البیانات الناتجة لاختبار قابلیة أن یكون وسط السودان نقطة للتقاطع الثقافي في أواخر الألفیة السادس وأوائل الألفیة الخامسة قبل المیلاد. نستنتج ھنا إلى أنھ كان ھناك إنشاء تدریجي لشبكات انتشرت عبرھا الأفكار والحیوانات، وربما أعداد قلیلة من البشر، إلى وسط وجنوب-وسط السودان .

New excavations at the Jebel Moya cemetery in Sudan reveal extensive evidence for Meroitic-era occupation, providing valuable data on contemporaneous diet, migration, exchange and population composition in sub-Saharan Africa.

Background Following the latest war in 2023, over nine million people have been internally displaced, of which White Nile State received over 50,000. They lived in different camps and moved to big cities. This study assessed the scope of mental and physical concerns among the IDPs to identify important healthcare needs. Methods This is a cross-sectional survey of four localities of internally displaced persons in White Nile state, Sudan. Between December 4th and December 14th, 2023, 800 directly interviewed participants were randomly selected using a face-to-face semi-structured interview. Potential participants were determined using a stratified simple random method. Results The findings revealed that 45% of IDPs experienced poor physical health, with prevalent ailments among adults including minor colds (67%), respiratory infections (43%), prolonged flu episodes (36%), insomnia (38%), headaches (42%), gastric upset (44%), nausea (35%), and gastrointestinal issues (40%). Depression, PTSD, and anxiety were prevalent among adults at rates of 18%, 20%, and 14% respectively. Moreover, a staggering 72% of children under five suffered from malnutrition, with males accounting for 44% and females 56%. Conclusion Alarming numbers of IDPs in White Nile State face significant physical and mental health problems, warranting urgent interventions from local and international relief agencies.

Purpose Adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma (PHEO) presents a significant challenge due to the high incidence of early hospital readmission (ER). This study evaluated the incidence and risk factors of ER for PHEO within 30 days of adrenalectomy. Methods A retrospective analysis of 346 patients > 18 years with unilateral PHEO who underwent adrenalectomy between September 2012 and September 2024. The patients were categorised into ER ( n  = 49) and no ER ( n  = 297) groups. Logistic regression analyses were performed to predict risk factors for ER. Results The most common causes of ER were postoperative maintained hypotension (42.9%), bleeding (6.1%), ileus (24.5%), wound infection (4.1%), hyperkalemia (8.2%), pneumonia (2%), intra-abdominal abscess (2%), acute MI (4.1%), and colonic injury (6.1%). Most postoperative complications were Clavien-Dindo grade II ( n  = 40, 81.6%). Two perioperative deaths (4%) occurred in the ER group. Logistic regression showed that low body mass index (OR 0.849, 95% CI, 0.748–0.964; p  = 0.012), tumor size < 5 cm (OR 0.096, 95% CI, 0.030–0.310; p  < 0.001), and low ASA (OR 0.435, 95% CI, 0.249–0.761; p  = 0.003) were associated with risk reduction for ER while malignancy (OR 5.302, 95% CI, 1.214–23.164; p  = 0.027), open approach(OR 12.247, 95% CI, 5.227–28.694; p  < 0.001), and intraoperative complications (OR 19.149, 95% CI, 7.091–51.710; p  < 0.001) were associated with risk increase of ER. Conclusion Postoperatively maintained hypotension and ileus were the most common causes of ER. Low body mass index, tumour size < 5 cm, and low ASA were risk reductions for ER, while malignancy, open approach, and intraoperative complications were the independent risk increase factors.

Herein, we report facile procedures for synthesis of a new Schiff base ligand (H2L,5-Diethylamino-2-(2-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)-amino]-phenylimino-methyl)-phenol) and its Ag(I), Pd(II) and Cu(II) complexes. The structure of the H2L ligand as well as its metal complexes was deduced based on wide range of analytical, structural and spectroscopic tools, along with theoretical evidence via density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The obtained results indicated that the Schiff base (H2L) ligand acts as a tetradentate N2O2 donor with two azomethine nitrogen’s (N1, N2) and two deprotonated phenolic oxygens (O1, O2) atoms. A distorted octahedral structure is assigned to [CuL(OH2)2]·3/2H2O complex and square planar structure for PdL and AgL complexes. The electronic structure and non-linear optical (NLO) property of the prepared compounds were discussed theoretically by the B3LYP/GENECP program. Results revealed that all complexes have non-planner geometries as indicated from the dihedral angles. The charge transfer occurs within the synthesized complexes as indicated from the calculated energy gap between HOMO and LUMO energies. The H2L ligand and its complexes are excellent candidates for NLO materials as implied from their hyperpolarizabilities and polarizabilities values. The biological activities of the prepared complexes against selected microorganisms and cancer cell lines gave good growth inhibitory effect. The biocidal potencies of the ligand and its complexes can be arranged as follows: AgL > CuL > PdL > H2L, as compared to the used standard drugs. The antiproliferative activity of the studied complexes against different carcinoma cell lines such as liver (Hep-G2), breast (MCF-7) and colon (HCT-116) followed the order H2L < AgL< PdL < CuL < vinblastine. Probing the binding interactions of prepared complexes with calf thymus (CT)-DNA using electronic absorption, gel electrophoresis and viscosity measurements revealed strong interaction via intercalation modes, as also evidenced by their molecular docking study.