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Regional Geology and Tectonics: Volume 2: Phanerozoic Rift Systems and Sedimentary Basins, Second Edition, is the second volume in a three-volume series covering Phanerozoic regional geology and tectonics.

Strike-slip fault zones commonly display complex kinematics and 3D geometries, with high structural variability along strike and with depth. In this regard, analogue modelling techniques are a powerful tool for investigating such complex structural, kinematic, and mechanical deformation processes at various scales. Dynamically scaled experiments allow a direct comparison between models and natural systems. The geometric scaling factor defines the model resolution in terms of model/prototype length equivalence and depends on the mechanical and physical properties of prototype and analogue materials. In this study, systematic strike-slip experiments were performed by using four different model materials to investigate the deformation dynamics at various scales and to highlight the impact of the physical and mechanical properties of the model material on the experiment results. The applied model materials showed a non-linear strain-dependent deformation behaviour while providing different dynamically scaled geometric scaling factors. Digital image correlation (DIC) analyses of the experiments allowed a quantitative comparison of the displacement and strain fields at different stages of the dextral displacement above a single planar basement fault. The analysis of the localisation and development of the faults and fractures in the strike-slip shear zones enabled the comparison of the different structural styles and dynamics observable at various levels of resolution. The increasing resolution enabled by the model materials with higher cohesion allowed a higher detail into the shear zones, with the development of a more complex network of discontinuities, larger shear zone width, and higher vertical relief. Therefore, the application of such a multi-scale approach in dynamically scaled experiments can provide new insights into the investigation of complex deformation processes with analogue modelling techniques.

Plate tectonic modellers often rely on the identification of “break-up” markers to reconstruct the early stages of continental separation. Along the Iberian-Newfoundland margin, so-called break-up markers include interpretations of old magnetic anomalies from the M series, as well as the “J anomaly”. These have been used as the basis for plate tectonic reconstructions are based on the concept that these anomalies pinpoint the location of first oceanic lithosphere. However, uncertainties in the location and interpretation of break-up markers, as well as the difficulty in dating them precisely, has led to plate models that differ in both the timing and relative palaeo-positions of Iberia and Newfoundland during separation. We use newly available seismic data from the Southern Newfoundland Basin (SNB) to assess the suitability of commonly used break-up markers along the Newfoundland margin for plate kinematic reconstructions. Our data show that basement associated with the younger M-series magnetic anomalies is comprised of exhumed mantle and magmatic additions and most likely represents transitional domains and not true oceanic lithosphere. Because rifting propagated northward, we argue that M-series anomaly identifications further north, although in a region not imaged by our seismic, are also unlikely to be diagnostic of true oceanic crust beneath the SNB. Similarly, our data also allow us to show that the high amplitude of the J Anomaly is associated with a zone of exhumed mantle punctuated by significant volcanic additions and at times characterized by interbedded volcanics and sediments. Magmatic activity in the SNB at a time coinciding with M4 (128 Ma) and the presence of SDR packages onlapping onto a basement fault suggest that, at this time, plate divergence was still being accommodated by tectonic faulting. We illustrate the differences in the relative positions of Iberia and Newfoundland across published plate reconstructions and discuss how these are a direct consequence of the uncertainties introduced into the modelling procedure by the use of extended continental margin data (dubious magnetic anomaly identifications, break-up unconformity interpretations). We conclude that a different approach is needed for constraining plate kinematics of the Iberian plate pre-M0 times.

The state of intermediate hyperglycemia is indicative of elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes 1 . However, the current definition of prediabetes neither reflects subphenotypes of pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes nor is predictive of future metabolic trajectories. We used partitioning on variables derived from oral glucose tolerance tests, MRI-measured body fat distribution, liver fat content and genetic risk in a cohort of extensively phenotyped individuals who are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes 2 , 3 to identify six distinct clusters of subphenotypes. Three of the identified subphenotypes have increased glycemia (clusters 3, 5 and 6), but only individuals in clusters 5 and 3 have imminent diabetes risks. By contrast, those in cluster 6 have moderate risk of type 2 diabetes, but an increased risk of kidney disease and all-cause mortality. Findings were replicated in an independent cohort using simple anthropomorphic and glycemic constructs 4 . This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that pathophysiological heterogeneity exists before diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and highlights a group of individuals who have an increased risk of complications without rapid progression to overt type 2 diabetes. Clustering of patients with prediabetes using simple clinical features reveals six distinct groups with differing risk of developing type 2 diabetes and its associated complications.

Integrins, a diverse class of heterodimeric cell surface receptors, are key regulators of cell structure and behaviour, affecting cell morphology, proliferation, survival and differentiation. Consequently, mutations in specific integrins, or their deregulated expression, are associated with a variety of diseases. In the last decades, many integrin-specific ligands have been developed and used for modulation of integrin function in medical as well as biophysical studies. The IC 50 -values reported for these ligands strongly vary and are measured using different cell-based and cell-free systems. A systematic comparison of these values is of high importance for selecting the optimal ligands for given applications. In this study, we evaluate a wide range of ligands for their binding affinity towards the RGD-binding integrins αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ6, αvβ8, α5β1, αIIbβ3, using homogenous ELISA-like solid phase binding assay.

This paper considers the cases of urban redevelopment at waterfront and brownfield sites in Copenhagen (Denmark) and Hamburg (Germany) to explore how two municipal governments have pursued divergent kinds of entrepreneurial governance, even as they have aimed to create similar kinds of new-build neighbourhoods. Copenhagen and Hamburg have both engaged in large-scale speculative development projects, simultaneously raising urban land values and adding urban public good. The cities follow a long tradition of using land value capture to raise funds for municipal activities, yet their scopes of action and tools for achieving progress have been shaped by local economic and political conditions. Although both cities began redevelopment at similar kinds of sites in the 1990s, Copenhagen’s municipal government was relatively impoverished, while Hamburg’s municipal government was relatively wealthy. As a result, even though both cities deployed state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and revolving funds models to reinvest revenues in future development, they possessed different potential strategies for increasing intercity competitiveness: Copenhagen’s immediate aim in redeveloping its Ørestad and harbour districts was to fund a citywide mass transit system and thereby enhance competitiveness through infrastructure development, while Hamburg sought to use its HafenCity waterfront redevelopment to boost competitiveness through port modernisation, increased in urban quality and commercial expansion in the city centre. By comparing these two cases, we can better understand the contingent nature of entrepreneurial governance and urban redevelopment processes. 本文以丹麦哥本哈根和德国汉堡的滨水区和旧城区的城市再开发为例，探讨两个市政府如何实行不同类型的创业主义治理，尽管他们的目标是创建类似的新建社区。哥本哈根和汉堡都开展了大型投机性开发项目，这些项目同时提高了城市土地价值并增加了城市公共产品。这些城市遵循利用土地价值获取为市政建设筹集资金的悠久传统，但它们的行动范围和取得进展的工具则是由当地的经济和政治条件决定的。尽管这两个城市在20世纪90年代开始在类似的地点进行再开发，但哥本哈根市政府相对贫困，而汉堡市政府相对富裕。因此，尽管两个城市都实施了国有企业和循环基金模式，将收入再投资于未来的发展，但它们在提高城市竞争力方面则实施了不同的潜在战略：哥本哈根重建其奥雷斯塔德 (Ørestad) 和港口区的近期目标是为全市公共交通系统提供资金，从而通过基础设施发展提高竞争力，而汉堡则试图利用其哈芬西提滨水区 (HafenCity) 的再开发，通过港口现代化、提高城市品味和市中心的商业扩张来提高竞争力。通过比较这两个案例，我们可以更好地理解创业主义治理和城市再开发过程中的偶然性。