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The Irreducible Subgroups of Exceptional Algebraic Groups
This paper is a contribution to the study of the subgroup structure of exceptional algebraic groups over algebraically closed fields
of arbitrary characteristic. Following Serre, a closed subgroup of a semisimple algebraic group
A result of Liebeck and Testerman shows that each irreducible connected subgroup
eBook
DNA damage and the balance between survival and death in cancer biology
Key Points
The constant deleterious modification of DNA by reactive molecules, endogenously or exogenously generated, is offset by protective processes that are initiated by the DNA damage response.
The interplay of the diverse signalling cascades (DNA damage response) that originate from the interference of DNA lesions with replication and the transcriptome leads to the activation of DNA repair, autophagy, senescence, apoptosis and necroptosis.
Aspects of how post-translational modifications of the tumour suppressor p53 determine the switch between these end points are discussed.
The crosstalk between autophagy, senescence, apoptosis and regulated necrosis is also discussed, focusing on the importance of thresholds for deciding cell fate.
Throughout this Review, emphasis is placed on how DNA damage and DNA repair fit within the complex cellular context.
Understanding how DNA damage determines cell fate — DNA repair and cell survival or death — is important for gaining insight into carcinogenesis and in promoting successful cancer therapy. This Review describes key decision-making nodes in the complex interplay between DNA damage responses and cell fate signalling.
DNA is vulnerable to damage resulting from endogenous metabolites, environmental and dietary carcinogens, some anti-inflammatory drugs, and genotoxic cancer therapeutics. Cells respond to DNA damage by activating complex signalling networks that decide cell fate, promoting not only DNA repair and survival but also cell death. The decision between cell survival and death following DNA damage rests on factors that are involved in DNA damage recognition, and DNA repair and damage tolerance, as well as on factors involved in the activation of apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and senescence. The pathways that dictate cell fate are entwined and have key roles in cancer initiation and progression. Furthermore, they determine the outcome of cancer therapy with genotoxic drugs. Understanding the molecular basis of these pathways is important not only for gaining insight into carcinogenesis, but also in promoting successful cancer therapy. In this Review, we describe key decision-making nodes in the complex interplay between cell survival and death following DNA damage.
Journal Article
Rudolf Schwarz and the monumental order of things
The product of a continuous European architectural and intellectual practice that bridged the Second World War, the work of Rudolf Schwarz (1897-1961) allows a deeper understanding of post-war German architecture. This book examines nine of his religious and secular buildings sited in the Rhineland, which are presented through new survey drawings and photographs. These are accompanied by Schwarz's project descriptions and his lecture 'Architecture of Our Times' from 1958, which contextualizes his approach. Essays by Wolfgang Pehnt and an interview with Schwarz's wife, the architect Maria Schwarz, provide further insight into this complex oeuvre.
Book
Corticosteroids as risk factor for COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in intensive care patients
Purpose
Corticosteroids, in particular dexamethasone, are one of the primary treatment options for critically ill COVID-19 patients. However, there are a growing number of cases that involve COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), and it is unclear whether dexamethasone represents a risk factor for CAPA. Our aim was to investigate a possible association of the recommended dexamethasone therapy with a risk of CAPA.
Methods
We performed a study based on a cohort of COVID-19 patients treated in 2020 in our 13 intensive care units at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin. We used ECMM/ISHM criteria for the CAPA diagnosis and performed univariate and multivariable analyses of clinical parameters to identify risk factors that could result in a diagnosis of CAPA.
Results
Altogether, among the
n
= 522 intensive care patients analyzed,
n
= 47 (9%) patients developed CAPA. CAPA patients had a higher simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) (64 vs. 53,
p
< 0.001) and higher levels of IL-6 (1,005 vs. 461,
p
< 0.008). They more often had severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (60% vs. 41%,
p
= 0.024), renal replacement therapy (60% vs. 41%,
p
= 0.024), and they were more likely to die (64% vs. 48%,
p
= 0.049). The multivariable analysis showed dexamethasone (OR 3.110, CI95 1.112–8.697) and SAPS (OR 1.063, CI95 1.028–1.098) to be independent risk factors for CAPA.
Conclusion
In our study, dexamethasone therapy as recommended for COVID-19 was associated with a significant three times increase in the risk of CAPA.
Trial registration
Registration number DRKS00024578, Date of registration March 3rd, 2021.
Journal Article
The invention of tomorrow : a natural history of foresight
\"Apes can do a lot of things that we can, too: they can use tools, tell bigger from smaller, and even say hello. But one thing they can't do is say \"see you tomorrow.\" That's not just because they don't speak English, but because they are unable to imagine reencountering another ape in the future. Humans, of course, can. As Thomas Suddendorf, Jon Redshaw, and Adam Bulley reveal, that represents a truly earth-shattering capacity. In The Invention of Tomorrow, the three cognitive scientists argue that humanity's unique capacity for foresight is the key to our global dominance. Our minds work like time machines, they explain, allowing us to relive past events in order to predict possible futures. Drawing on cutting-edge research from the last decade - including much of the authors' own work - Suddendorf, Redshaw, and Bulley break down the science of foresight, showing us how this fundamental tool evolved and what makes it unique among animal minds. Foresight powers what are essentially private mental time machines that power our species' capacity for innovation, communication, and moral responsibility. Ultimately, the authors offer us a new vision of human progress, one that foregrounds our capacity to think ahead. Even though we sometimes get it wrong, they argue, human beings are better able to handle future dangers than any creature that has ever existed. The Invention of Tomorrow is a paradigm-shifting exploration of one of humanity's greatest powers, showing how an apparently banal trait has been the key to human ingenuity and culture\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
The Genesis and Proliferation of Civil Society in Democracy and Monarchy
The notion that civil society and democracy go hand in hand has been a cornerstone of modernization theory. The formation of civil society, so the argument went, contributed to the democratization of society and provided the backbone of democracy. If one follows such an interpretation of modernization and of modern society, monarchic systems should be void of civil society. And yet, the case of Germany shows that civil society developed and even flourished within a monarchic society. The Kingdom of Prussia in 1865 was the home to an extensive network of civil society organizations that included associations, endowments, and foundations. These organizations provided services in the fields of education, social welfare, and supported all kinds of cultural institutions. These organizations were essential for the functioning of Prussia’s public institutions. Donors who created these institutions had a voice in the shaping of monarchic society, and the visions of donors often coincided with the visions put forward by monarchical rulers. The number of Prussians involved in giving, the number of organizations created, and the amount of money given were truly astonishing. Between 2 and 3% of Prussia’s population was involved in civil society organizations. The funds provided by these organizations accounted for 20–30% of public-school funding. And the number of organizations created a tight network that spanned across the entire country. Nineteenth-century monarchic Prussia was not void of civil society as it should have been if American social scientists are correct. Instead, Prussia provided the home to a vibrant civil society. Civil society emerges when societies move from an agrarian and organized system of social hierarchies to an industrial, and traditional social hierarchies destroying system. The destruction of established social hierarchies, the creation and accumulation of wealth, and the emergence of social inequality provided powerful incentives for the formation of civil society. Since this economic modernization and transformation occurred not only within democratic societies such as the USA but also within monarchic societies such as Prussia, civil society developed in both types of political system
Journal Article
Herbivory, Connectivity, and Ecosystem Resilience: Response of a Coral Reef to a Large-Scale Perturbation
Coral reefs world-wide are threatened by escalating local and global impacts, and some impacted reefs have shifted from coral dominance to a state dominated by macroalgae. Therefore, there is a growing need to understand the processes that affect the capacity of these ecosystems to return to coral dominance following disturbances, including those that prevent the establishment of persistent stands of macroalgae. Unlike many reefs in the Caribbean, over the last several decades, reefs around the Indo-Pacific island of Moorea, French Polynesia have consistently returned to coral dominance following major perturbations without shifting to a macroalgae-dominated state. Here, we present evidence of a rapid increase in populations of herbivorous fishes following the most recent perturbation, and show that grazing by these herbivores has prevented the establishment of macroalgae following near complete loss of coral on offshore reefs. Importantly, we found the positive response of herbivorous fishes to increased benthic primary productivity associated with coral loss was driven largely by parrotfishes that initially recruit to stable nursery habitat within the lagoons before moving to offshore reefs later in life. These results underscore the importance of connectivity between the lagoon and offshore reefs for preventing the establishment of macroalgae following disturbances, and indicate that protecting nearshore nursery habitat of herbivorous fishes is critical for maintaining reef resilience.
Journal Article