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Deforestation and drainage has made Indonesian peatlands susceptible to burning. Large fires occur regularly, destroying agricultural crops and forest, emitting large amounts of CO 2 and air pollutants, resulting in adverse health effects. In order to reduce fire, the Indonesian government has committed to restore 2.49 Mha of degraded peatland, with an estimated cost of US$3.2-7 billion. Here we combine fire emissions and land cover data to estimate the 2015 fires, the largest in recent years, resulted in economic losses totalling US$28 billion, whilst the six largest fire events between 2004 and 2015 caused a total of US$93.9 billion in economic losses. We estimate that if restoration had already been completed, the area burned in 2015 would have been reduced by 6%, reducing CO 2 emissions by 18%, and PM 2.5 emissions by 24%, preventing 12,000 premature mortalities. Peatland restoration could have resulted in economic savings of US$8.4 billion for 2004–2015, making it a cost-effective strategy for reducing the impacts of peatland fires to the environment, climate and human health. Deforestation and drainage have made Indonesian peatlands susceptible to burning. Here the authors find that Indonesia’s 2015 fires resulted in economic losses totaling US$28 billion, while the area burned and emissions released could have been significantly reduced had restoration been completed.

Forest and peatland fires occur regularly across Indonesia, resulting in large greenhouse gas emissions and causing major air quality issues. Over the last few decades, Indonesia has also experienced extensive forest loss and conversion of natural forest to oil palm and timber plantations. Here we used data on fire hotspots and tree-cover loss, as well as information on the extent of peat land, protected areas, and concessions to explore spatial and temporal relationships among forest, forest loss, and fire frequency. We focus on the Riau Province in Central Sumatra, one of the most active regions of fire in Indonesia. We find strong relationships between forest loss and fire at the local scale. Regions with forest loss experienced six times as many fire hotspots compared to regions with no forest loss. Forest loss and maximum fire frequency occurred within the same year, or one year apart, in 70% of the 1 km2 cells experiencing both forest loss and fire. Frequency of fire was lower both before and after forest loss, suggesting that most fire is associated with the forest loss process. On peat soils, fire frequency was a factor 10 to 100 lower in protected areas and natural forest logging concessions compared to oil palm and wood fiber (timber) concessions. Efforts to reduce fire need to address the underlying role of land-use and land-cover change in the occurrence of fire. Increased support for protected areas and natural forest logging concessions and restoration of degraded peatlands may reduce future fire risk. During times of high fire risk, fire suppression resources should be targeted to regions that are experiencing recent forest loss, as these regions are most likely to experience fire.

Abstract Rationale Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown cause. Löfgren’s syndrome (LS) is a characteristic subgroup of sarcoidosis that is associated with a good prognosis in sarcoidosis. However, little is known about its genetic architecture or its broader phenotype, non-LS sarcoidosis. Objectives To address the genetic architecture of sarcoidosis phenotypes, LS and non-LS. Methods An association study in a white Swedish cohort of 384 LS, 664 non-LS, and 2,086 control subjects, totaling 3,134 subjects using a fine-mapping genotyping platform was conducted. Replication was performed in four independent cohorts, three of white European descent (Germany, n = 4,975; the Netherlands, n = 613; and Czech Republic, n = 521), and one of black African descent (United States, n = 1,657), totaling 7,766 subjects. Measurements and Main Results A total of 727 LS-associated variants expanding throughout the extended major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region and 68 non-LS–associated variants located in the MHC class II region were identified and confirmed. A shared overlap between LS and non-LS defined by 17 variants located in the MHC class II region was found. Outside the MHC region, two LS-associated loci, in ADCY3 and between CSMD1 and MCPH1, were observed and replicated. Conclusions Comprehensive and integrative analyses of genetics, transcription, and pathway modeling on LS and non-LS indicates that these sarcoidosis phenotypes have different genetic susceptibility, genomic distributions, and cellular activities, suggesting distinct molecular mechanisms in pathways related to immune response with a common region.

This paper summarizes the 76th LCA Discussion Forum end its main findings. Main issues when addressing emerging technologies identified were: the lack of primary data, the need for (shared) future background scenarios and (guidlines for) a common methodology. The following recommendations have been derived by the organizers: 1) Specific foreground inventories are always tailor-made, but consistency can be improved through lists of mandatory considerations. 2) Continue sharing (future) technology data and proxy processes, that can be readily replicated to new studies and assist in developing inventories. 3) Streamline and unify the process of including scenarios for background systems. New approaches may provide first important solutions to efficiently include consistent future scenarios in prospective LCA.

Background:10X Visium spatial transcriptomics evaluates mRNA-binding tiles (55μm diameter) of a sectioned tissue, yielding heterogeneous cell sampling. The SpatialPCA algorithm was developed to identify like tissue regions and determine the cellular context of spatial coordinates using homogenous tissue types with distinct boundaries [1] However, while proficient in analyzing homogenous tissue types, SpatialPCA is less effective at differentiating like tiles from heterogenous tissue types.Objectives:To develop a novel analysis pipeline, HistoSpatialPCA, that leverages spatially aware dimensional reduction to model spatially correlated structures across tiles from heterogeneous tissue types such as a target tissue of Sjögren’s Disease (SjD), the minor salivary gland (MSG). Then, to apply HistoSpatialPCA to MSGs biopsied from SjD patients and healthy controls (HC) to identify disease-specific differential gene expression (DE) and pathway dysregulation in the salivary gland.Methods:MSG sections were arranged on 10X Visium capture slide chambers. Nuclei segmentation and classification was performed, followed by images annotation by tissue type (fibrosis, glandular, inflammatory, fat) (HALO Image Analysis Platform). Imaging data were extracted from tiles and integrated with spatial coordinates using HistoPCA. After quality control to filter low-quality and non-tissue tiles, SpatialPCA was performed [1]. Subsequently, data integration (Harmony) and UMAP with KMeans clustering were performed. SjD case-control differential expression (DE) was analyzed using pseudo-bulk gene expression. Finally, DE transcripts were analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.Results:HistoSpatialPCA, followed by UMAP with KMeans clustering, detected 34,948 tiles from n=41 subjects, resulting in 8 distinct clusters in the MSG (Figure 1A,B). Comparison of dysregulated genes and pathways revealed cluster-specific differences between Ro+ and Ro- SjD cases verses HCs (Figure 1C). Ro+ SjD cases exhibited dysregulation across all clusters, whereas Ro- cases showed no significant dysregulated pathways in clusters 0, 2, and 7 and fewer altered pathways in clusters 1 and 6. Rank order of the dysregulated pathways also differed between Ro+ and Ro- SjD cases. Interferon gamma was the top pathway in all SjD cases and Ro+ across all clusters, but was only dysregulated in Ro- cluster 5 and modestly in clusters 1 and 3. Cluster 5 was the most similar between Ro+ and Ro- and showed the highest percentage of inflammation (upregulation of many proinflammatory pathways; downregulation of CTLA4, IL-10, and PD-1 signaling).Conclusion:HistoSpatialPCA successfully grouped like tiles from spatial transcriptomic analysis of heterogeneous MSG. Cluster annotation, followed by DE and pathway analyses revealed dysregulation of tiles across all clusters in Ro+ SjD cases, while Ro- cases exhibited the most pronounced dysregulation in cluster 5, 4, and 3. Notably, cluster 5 demonstrated the highest inflammation, sharing many dysregulated pathways between Ro+ and Ro- SjD cases. This spatially aware technology will provide new insights into the role of different cell/tissue types in SjD pathobiology of the salivary gland.REFERENCES:[1] Shang L, et al. Nat Commun. 2022; 13:7203.Acknowledgements:National Institutes of Health (NIH): R01ARO7385503 (CJL); R21 DE029302 (ADF).Disclosure of Interests:Songyuan Yao: None declared, Rick Wilbrink: None declared, Paulina Czarnota: None declared, Matthew Caleb Marlin: None declared, Bhuwan Khatri: None declared, Anna M Stolarczyk: None declared, Cherilyn Pritchett Frazee: None declared, Chuang Li: None declared, Kyle Wright: None declared, Kandice L Tessneer: None declared, Judith A. James: None declared, R Hal Scofield Received consulting fees from Johnson and Johnson Innovative Medicine (formerly Janssen) and Merk Pharmaceuticals., Indra Adrianto: None declared, Astrid Rasmussen: None declared, Joel M Guthridge: None declared, A Darise Farris Grant/research support from Johnson and Johnson Innovative Medicine (formerly Janssen; ended 12/31/23)., Christopher J Lessard Grant/research support from Johnson and Johnson Innovative Medicine (formerly Janssen; ended 12/31/23).

Lobster is a high-value fisheries commodity in Gunungkidul Regency. Lobster resource management in the waters of Gunungkidul Regency has not been well identified in the social-ecological system (SES) framework. This study aims to describe and analyze the dynamics of interrelationships between the social-ecological system components of lobster fisheries in Gunungkidul Regency, which consists of the subsystem of resource systems (RS), resource units (RU), resource actors (RA), and resource governance (RG) and their interrelationships within and between subsystems to formulate a sustainable lobster management strategies in the waters of Gunungkidul Regency. This research was conducted from November 2022 until January 2023. The results of this study have indicated a dynamic interaction between the SES components of lobster fisheries. RS and RA are the SES components with the highest influence, so the slightest changes in RS and RA can cause co-evolutive changes to all the SES components of lobster fisheries in the waters of Gunungkidul Regency.

This research aims to study the dynamics of social-ecological interactions in the Teluk Lasolo PAAP (Fisheries Access Management Area) in North Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The study adopts a comprehensive approach to sustainable development, utilizing Social-Ecological Network Analysis (SENA). The Teluk Lasolo PAAP area is a complex environment with small-scale fisheries as a crucial component of the coastal ecosystem. Using the SENA method, this research analyzes the interactions between social and ecological dimensions in the context of fisheries management based on access rights. The study also considers economic aspects, governance, and resource utilization within the social-ecological network. The case study is conducted in the Teluk Lasolo area to understand the complex dynamics among various stakeholders, fishing communities, and the coastal ecosystem. The findings of this research will provide profound insights and knowledge about the factors influencing the sustainability of small-scale fisheries and offer recommendations for sustainable updates in fisheries resource management in the region. In conclusion, this research highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach involving social-ecological interactions in managing small-scale fisheries. The results of this study are expected to make a positive contribution to the development of sustainable fisheries management strategies in the Teluk Lasolo PAAP area and other coastal regions. Kata kunci : Kawasan PAAP Teluk Lasolo, Jejaring Sosial-Ekologi, Perikanan Skala Kecil, Pengelolaan Perikanan Berbasis Hak akses Perikanan.

Tidung Island is one of the small inhabited islands and a tourist destination that allows the degradation of seagrass meadow and requires physical restoration using transplantation techniques. The seagrass species’ preference suitability needs to assess with this island for this case. This study aims to provide information on species that are possible to choose in seagrass transplantation based on their growth zones. The number of seagrass species, depths, and types of substrates was taken using seagrasswatch guideline by line transects along the coast to the reef slope with 10% plot intervals from the total length of the transect. Seagrass growth is divided into three zones: near the coast (back), middle, and near the reef slope (front). Enhalus acoroides , Cymodocea rotundata , and Thalassia hemprichii were found in almost all zones. Halophila ovalis , Halophila minor , and Halodule uninervis were distributed in the middle to front zone, while Syringodium isoetifolium was only in the middle zone. These findings suggest that transplant areas with high anthropogenic disturbances can use Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii because they have the persistent trait. Meanwhile, the areas with low anthropogenic disturbance and low nutrients can use Halophila spp. and Halodule spp., because they can grow shoots and recover quickly.