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Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) induces severe immunosuppression in chickens, leading to significant economic losses in the global poultry industry. This study investigated 52 chicken flocks, including commercial broilers, layers, and baladi, from various Egyptian governorates in 2023. These flocks exhibited symptoms of depression, along with kidney and bursa lesions, indicative of IBDV infection. Pooled Bursal homogenates were tested using RT-PCR with VP2-specific primers, revealing that 20 flocks tested positive for IBDV. Six representative samples were selected from 20 positive flocks for isolation in embryonated chicken eggs. The embryonic lesions observed included haemorrhage, skull swelling, and liver necrosis with a pale-yellow appearance, in addition to congestion and thickening in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Partial amplification of the VP2 gene from the harvested embryo suspensions of the six IBDV isolates was performed for sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed that five IBDV isolates (VV4, VV5, VV6, VV10, and VV16) belonged to the very virulent strain group A3 cluster, whereas one isolate (VV2) clustered with Chinese Variant strains in the A2d group. Sequence analysis of the hypervariable region (HVR) of VP2 compared to that of Egypt-USC-IBD-1-2019 and vvIBDV/Beh21/Egypt/18 highly virulent IBDV strains revealed several amino acid mutations. The VP2 HVR of all isolates maintained the serine-rich heptapeptide sequence SWSASGS, which is adjacent to the major hydrophilic peak B and serves as a virulence marker. Histopathological examination revealed that bursae from chickens infected with vvIBDV exhibited marked interlobular oedema and lymphoid depletion. In contrast, bursae from chickens infected with Variant IBDV showed massive lymphoid depletion, with hyperplasia of the bursal capsule. These findings highlight the circulation of both virulent and Variant IBDV strains in Egyptian chicken flocks, complicating disease control. Consequently, there is a need to update vaccination programs and vaccine strains for IBDV in Egypt.

(1) Background: Few studies have been carried out to appraise abamectin toxicity toward Locusta migratoria nymphs. (2) Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of abamectin as an insecticide through examining the changes and damage caused by this drug, in both neurosecretory cells and midgut, using L. migratoria nymphs as a model of the cytotoxic effect. Histopathological change in the brain was examined in both normal and abamectin-treated fifth-instar nymphs. Neurosecretory cells (NSCs) were also examined where there were loosely disintegrated cells or vacuolated cytoplasm. (3) Results: The results showed distinct histological changes in the gastrointestinal tract of L. migratoria nymphs treated with abamectin, with significant cellular damage and disorganization, i.e., characteristic symptoms of cell necrosis, a destroyed epithelium, enlarged cells, and reduced nuclei. The observed biochemical changes included an elevation in all measured oxidative stress parameters compared to untreated controls. The malondialdehyde activities (MDAs) of the treated nymphs had a five- to six-fold increase, with a ten-fold increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), nine-fold increase in glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and four-fold increase in nitric oxide (NO). (4) Conclusions: To further investigate the theoretical method of action, a molecular docking simulation was performed, examining the possibility that abamectin is an inhibitor of the fatty acid-binding protein Lm-FABP (2FLJ) and that it binds with two successive electrostatic hydrogen bonds.

Stroke remains a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide, necessitating integrated approaches to rehabilitation. This meta-analytical study synthesized data from previously published peer-reviewed articles to assess the combined impact of physiotherapy and medical treatment on stroke recovery. To investigate motor and cognitive outcomes, independence in recovery time to (ADLs) and quality of life, data from studies that contained information from over 10,000 patients were analyzed. The meta-analysis covered 18 studies (2010–2023) from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria focusing on adult stroke patients and quantitative outcome reporting. Statistical analysis utilized independent t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression. Key findings revealed a significant improvement in motor function in the combined treatment group (M = 71, SD = 9.4) compared to the medical-only group (M = 58, SD = 10.1), t (9988) = 35.2, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.32. Cognitive scores were also significantly higher in the combined group (M = 83.4, SD = 8.2) versus medical-only (M = 70.3, SD = 9.1), t (9988) = 30.1, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.25. Regression analysis indicated that treatment type and age were significant predictors of recovery outcomes (R² = 0.67, F (4, 9945) = 506.3, p < 0.001). Demographic subgroup analysis highlighted better outcomes in younger female patients and those with hemorrhagic stroke. The study underscores the importance of early, structured physiotherapy within multidisciplinary care models and provides statistically grounded insights to inform stroke rehabilitation protocols.

Serodiagnostic test for the diagnosis of infestation of camels by the camel nasal fly, Cephalopina titillator was examined. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to analyze and compare the production of antibodies in the camel mucus against salivary gland contents (SGc), excretory-secretory products (ESP), digestive tract contents (DTc) antigens from 2ⁿᵈ and 3ʳᵈ larval instars of C. titillator sampled in summer and winter. ELISA characterization of larval antigens showed that the presence of C. titillator larvae in camel, Camelus dromedarius, resulted in higher antibody titer in mucus samples of infested camels collected in winter than those collected in summer in both L2 and L3. In L2, the most antigenic secretion was SGc > ESP > DTc, but in L3 ESP > SGc > DTc. The antibody titers in camel mucus are affected by the intensity of infestation with C. titillator.

Introduction: Effective management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires a multidisciplinary approach. This study aims to quantify the combined effect of nursing and physiotherapy interventions on outcomes in adults with T2DM. Objective: To evaluate the impact of nursing and physiotherapy interventions on key outcomes in T2DM patients. Methodology: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following PRISMA guidelines (search conducted until July 2024) across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. Randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials involving adults with T2DM, focusing on nursing (patient education and/or self-care support) and/or physiotherapy (exercise training and/or physical therapy) interventions, were included. Eighteen studies (N=1,243) were analyzed using random effects models for mean difference pooling. Results: Key outcomes included HbA1c, BMI, physical function, and quality of life (QoL). The combined nursing and physiotherapy intervention significantly improved glycemic control (HbA1c 7.0% vs. 7.5%, weighted mean difference –0.52%, 95% CI –0.68 to –0.36, p<0.001), reduced BMI (MD –1.2 kg/m², 95% CI –1.7 to –0.7, p<0.001), improved exercise capacity (+45m in 6-minute walk, 95% CI 30–60), and QoL (+5.1 SF36 physical points, 95% CI 3.0–7.2). Conclusion: Combined nursing and physiotherapy interventions significantly improved self-care behaviors, metabolic control, and functional outcomes in T2DM patients. These findings support the recommendation for collaborative nursing-physiotherapy programs in diabetes care.

Introduction: Effective management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires a multidisci-plinary approach. This study aims to quantify the combined effect of nursing and physiotherapy interventions on outcomes in adults with T2DM.Objective:To evaluate the impact of nursing and physiotherapy interventions on key outcomes in T2DM patients.Methodology: A systematic review and meta-analysis wasconducted following PRISMA guide-lines (search conducted until July 2024) across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. Randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trialsinvolving adults with T2DM, focusing on nursing (patient education and/or self-care support) and/or physiotherapy (exercise training and/or physical therapy) interventions, were included. Eighteen studies (N=1,243) were analyzed using random effects models for mean difference pooling.Results: Key outcomes included HbA1c, BMI, physical function, and quality of life (QoL). The combined nursing and physiotherapy intervention significantly improved glycemic control (HbA1c 7.0% vs. 7.5%, weighted mean difference –0.52%, 95% CI –0.68 to –0.36, p<0.001), re-duced BMI (MD –1.2 kg/m², 95% CI –1.7 to –0.7, p<0.001), improved exercise capacity (+45m in 6-minute walk, 95% CI 30–60), and QoL (+5.1 SF36 physical points, 95% CI 3.0–7.2).Conclusion: Combined nursing and physiotherapy interventions significantly improved self-care behaviors, metabolic control, and functional outcomes in T2DM patients. These findings support the recommendation for collaborative nursing-physiotherapy programs in diabetes care.Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; Nursing Intervention; Physiotherapy; Exercise Therapy; Patient Education; Meta-Analysis; Glycemic Control. Introducción: La gestión efectiva de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) requiere un enfoque multidisciplinario. Este estudio tiene como objetivo cuantificar el efecto combinado de las intervenciones de enfermería y fisioterapia sobre los resultados en adultos con DM2.Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de las intervenciones de enfermería y fisioterapia en los resultados clave en pacientes con DM2.Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis siguiendo las directrices PRISMA (búsqueda realizada hasta julio de 2024) en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochraney Google Scholar. Se incluyeron ensayos controlados aleatorios y ensayos clínicos controlados que involucraron adultos con DM2, centrados en intervenciones de enfermería (educación del paciente y/o apoyo al autocuidado) y/o fisioterapia (entrenamiento físico y/o terapia física).Se analizaron 18 estudios (N=1,243) utilizando modelos de efectos aleatorios para el agrupamiento de las diferencias medias. Resultados: Los resultados clave incluyeron HbA1c, IMC, función física y calidad de vida (QoL).La intervención combinada de enfermería y fisioterapia mejoró significativamente el control glucémico (HbA1c 7.0% frente a 7.5%, diferencia media ponderada –0.52%, IC 95% –0.68 a –0.36, p<0.001), redujo el IMC (DM –1.2 kg/m², IC 95% –1.7 a –0.7, p<0.001), mejoró la capacidad de ejercicio (+45m en la caminata de 6 minutos, IC 95% 30–60) y la QoL (+5.1 puntos SF36físicos, IC 95% 3.0–7.2).Conclusión: Las intervenciones combinadas de enfermería y fisioterapia mejoraron significativamente los comportamientos de autocuidado, el control metabólico y los resultados funcionales en pacientes con DM2. Estos hallazgos apoyan la recomendación de programas colaborativos de enfermería y fisioterapia en el cuidado de la diabetes.

Introduction: Effective management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires a multidisciplinary approach. This study aims to quantify the combined effect of nursing and physiotherapy interventions on outcomes in adults with T2DM. Objective: To evaluate the impact of nursing and physiotherapy interventions on key outcomes in T2DM patients. Methodology: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following PRISMA guidelines (search conducted until July 2024) across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. Randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials involving adults with T2DM, focusing on nursing (patient education and/or self-care support) and/or physiotherapy (exercise training and/or physical therapy) interventions, were included. Eighteen studies (N=1,243) were analyzed using random effects models for mean difference pooling. Results: Key outcomes included HbA1c, BMI, physical function, and quality of life (QoL). The combined nursing and physiotherapy intervention significantly improved glycemic control (HbA1c 7.0% vs. 7.5%, weighted mean difference –0.52%, 95% CI –0.68 to –0.36, p<0.001), reduced BMI (MD –1.2 kg/m², 95% CI –1.7 to –0.7, p<0.001), improved exercise capacity (+45m in 6-minute walk, 95% CI 30–60), and QoL (+5.1 SF36 physical points, 95% CI 3.0–7.2). Conclusion: Combined nursing and physiotherapy interventions significantly improved self-care behaviors, metabolic control, and functional outcomes in T2DM patients. These findings support the recommendation for collaborative nursing-physiotherapy programs in diabetes care. Introducción: La gestión efectiva de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) requiere un enfoque multidisciplinario. Este estudio tiene como objetivo cuantificar el efecto combinado de las intervenciones de enfermería y fisioterapia sobre los resultados en adultos con DM2. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de las intervenciones de enfermería y fisioterapia en los resultados clave en pacientes con DM2. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis siguiendo las directrices PRISMA (búsqueda realizada hasta julio de 2024) en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron ensayos controlados aleatorios y ensayos clínicos controlados que involucraron adultos con DM2, centrados en intervenciones de enfermería (educación del paciente y/o apoyo al autocuidado) y/o fisioterapia (entrenamiento físico y/o terapia física). Se analizaron 18 estudios (N=1,243) utilizando modelos de efectos aleatorios para el agrupamiento de las diferencias medias. Resultados: Los resultados clave incluyeron HbA1c, IMC, función física y calidad de vida (QoL). La intervención combinada de enfermería y fisioterapia mejoró significativamente el control glucémico (HbA1c 7.0% frente a 7.5%, diferencia media ponderada –0.52%, IC 95% –0.68 a –0.36, p<0.001), redujo el IMC (DM –1.2 kg/m², IC 95% –1.7 a –0.7, p<0.001), mejoró la capacidad de ejercicio (+45m en la caminata de 6 minutos, IC 95% 30–60) y la QoL (+5.1 puntos SF36 físicos, IC 95% 3.0–7.2). Conclusión: Las intervenciones combinadas de enfermería y fisioterapia mejoraron significativamente los comportamientos de autocuidado, el control metabólico y los resultados funcionales en pacientes con DM2. Estos hallazgos apoyan la recomendación de programas colaborativos de enfermería y fisioterapia en el cuidado de la diabetes. Introdução: O tratamento eficaz da diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) requer uma abordagem multidisciplinar. Este estudo tem como objetivo quantificar o efeito combinado das intervenções de enfermagem e fisioterapia nos resultados em adultos com DM2.Objectivo: Avaliar o impacto das intervenções de enfermagem e fisioterapia nos principais resultados em doentes com DM2.Metodologia: Foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise seguindo as diretrizes PRISMA (pesquisa conduzida até julho de 2024) na PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane e Google Scholar. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados e ensaios clínicos controlados envolvendo adultos com DM2, com foco nas intervenções de enfermagem (educação do doente e/ou apoio ao autocuidado) e/ou fisioterapia (treino físico e/ou fisioterapia). Dezoito estudos (N=1.243) foram analisados ​​utilizando modelos de efeitos aleatórios para agrupar as diferenças médias.Resultados: Os principais resultados incluíram a HbA1c, o IMC, a função física e a qualidade de vida (QV). A intervenção combinada de enfermagem e fisioterapia melhorou significativamente o controlo glicémico (HbA1c 7,0% vs 7,5%, diferença média ponderada –0,52%, IC 95% –0,68 a –0,36, p<0,001), reduziu o IMC (DM –1,2 kg/m², IC 95% –1,7 a –0,7, p<0,001), melhorou a capacidade de exercício (+45 m na marcha de 6 minutos, IC 95% 30–60) e a qualidade de vida (+5,1 pontos físicos SF36, IC 95% 3,0–7,2).Conclusão: As intervenções combinadas de enfermagem e fisioterapia melhoraram significativamente os comportamentos de autocuidado, o controlo metabólico e os resultados funcionais em doentes com DM2. Estas descobertas apoiam a recomendação de programas colaborativos de enfermagem e fisioterapia no tratamento da diabetes.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) has an essential role in tumor initiation and development. Tumor cells are considered to actively create their microenvironment during tumorigenesis and tumor development. The TME contains multiple types of stromal cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), Tumor endothelial cells (TECs), tumor-associated adipocytes (TAAs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and others. These cells work together and with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and many other factors to coordinately contribute to tumor growth and maintenance. Although the types and functions of TME cells are well understood, the origin of these cells is still obscure. Many scientists have tried to demonstrate the origin of these cells. Some researchers postulated that TME cells originated from surrounding normal tissues, and others demonstrated that the origin is cancer cells. Recent evidence demonstrates that cancer stem cells (CSCs) have differentiation abilities to generate the original lineage cells for promoting tumor growth and metastasis. The differentiation of CSCs into tumor stromal cells provides a new dimension that explains tumor heterogeneity. Using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), our group postulates that CSCs could be one of the key sources of CAFs, TECs, TAAs, and TAMs as well as the descendants, which support the self-renewal potential of the cells and exhibit heterogeneity. In this review, we summarize TME components, their interactions within the TME and their insight into cancer therapy. Especially, we focus on the TME cells and their possible origin and also discuss the multi-lineage differentiation potentials of CSCs exploiting iPSCs to create a society of cells in cancer tissues including TME.