Explore the vast range of titles available.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based chatbots can offer personalized, engaging, and on-demand health promotion interventions. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and intervention characteristics of AI chatbots for promoting health behavior change. A comprehensive search was conducted in 7 bibliographic databases (PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Embase, and JMIR publications) for empirical articles published from 1980 to 2022 that evaluated the feasibility or efficacy of AI chatbots for behavior change. The screening, extraction, and analysis of the identified articles were performed by following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Of the 15 included studies, several demonstrated the high efficacy of AI chatbots in promoting healthy lifestyles (n=6, 40%), smoking cessation (n=4, 27%), treatment or medication adherence (n=2, 13%), and reduction in substance misuse (n=1, 7%). However, there were mixed results regarding feasibility, acceptability, and usability. Selected behavior change theories and expert consultation were used to develop the behavior change strategies of AI chatbots, including goal setting, monitoring, real-time reinforcement or feedback, and on-demand support. Real-time user-chatbot interaction data, such as user preferences and behavioral performance, were collected on the chatbot platform to identify ways of providing personalized services. The AI chatbots demonstrated potential for scalability by deployment through accessible devices and platforms (eg, smartphones and Facebook Messenger). The participants also reported that AI chatbots offered a nonjudgmental space for communicating sensitive information. However, the reported results need to be interpreted with caution because of the moderate to high risk of internal validity, insufficient description of AI techniques, and limitation for generalizability. AI chatbots have demonstrated the efficacy of health behavior change interventions among large and diverse populations; however, future studies need to adopt robust randomized control trials to establish definitive conclusions.

Coordinated activation of muscle stem cells (known as satellite cells) is critical for postnatal muscle growth and regeneration. The muscle stem cell niche is central for regulating the activation state of satellite cells, but the specific extracellular signals that coordinate this regulation are poorly understood. Here we show that macrophages at sites of muscle injury induce activation of satellite cells via expression of Adamts1 . Overexpression of Adamts1 in macrophages in vivo is sufficient to increase satellite cell activation and improve muscle regeneration in young mice. We demonstrate that NOTCH1 is a target of ADAMTS1 metalloproteinase activity, which reduces Notch signaling, leading to increased satellite cell activation. These results identify Adamts1 as a potent extracellular regulator of satellite cell activation and have significant implications for understanding the regulation of satellite cell activity and regeneration after muscle injury. Satellite cells are crucial for growth and regeneration of skeletal muscle. Here the authors show that in response to muscle injury, macrophages secrete Adamts1, which induces satellite cell activation by modulating Notch1 signaling.

Although studies have explored the relationship between sleep quality, mood, and cognitive outcomes among people living with HIV (PLWH), few use ecological momentary assessment (EMA) techniques to evaluate within-person associations between sleep quality and emotional/cognitive outcomes among PLWH at the day level. This study investigated the association between previous night's sleep quality and momentary psychological outcomes in participants' natural setting. Study participants were PLWH in South Carolina who were at least 18 years old, diagnosed with HIV for at least 2 years, and able to operate a cellphone. Participants were sampled using posters posted in AIDS Service organizations, and snowball sampling. Data collection occurred between March and November 2023. During a 10-day EMA period, participants received 6 brief surveys throughout the day. Surveys were delivered within a 14-hour time window at semi-random times, with at least 1.5 hours between surveys. Five multilevel models were implemented with mindfulness, positive affect, negative affect, perceived cognition, and self-control as the outcome variables, and previous night's sleep quality as the input variable. A total of 962 responses were gathered from 22 participants, with an average of 43.73 responses per person. Experiencing higher than usual levels of sleep quality the night prior had a significant positive association with higher levels of momentary mindfulness (β = 0.08, p < 0.001), positive affect (β = 0.1, p < 0.05), and self-control (β = 0.06, p < 0.05) when controlling for other covariates. Experiencing higher than usual levels of sleep quality the night prior exhibited trends towards a significant positive association with perceived cognition (β = 0.04, p < .1). Within-person sleep quality was not associated with momentary negative affect. Among PLWH, future interventions targeting health behaviors sensitive to poor mood and cognition (e.g., ARV adherence) should incorporate intervention activities that ensure good sleep quality among participants. Additional studies are needed with larger sample sizes to assess the generalizability of study results.

The main bottleneck in training a robust tumor segmentation algorithm for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) on H&E is generating sufficient ground truth annotations. Various approaches for generating tumor labels to train a tumor segmentation model was explored. A large dataset of low-cost low-accuracy panCK-based annotations was used to pre-train the model and determine the minimum required size of the expensive but highly accurate pathologist annotations dataset. PanCK pre-training was compared to foundation models and various architectures were explored for model backbone. Proper study design and sample procurement for training a generalizable model that captured variations in NSCLC H&E was studied. H&E imaging was performed on 112 samples (three centers, two scanner types, different staining and imaging protocols). Attention U-Net architecture was trained using the large panCK-based annotations dataset (68 samples, total area 10,326 [mm 2 ]) followed by fine-tuning using a small pathologist annotations dataset (80 samples, total area 246 [mm 2 ]). This approach resulted in mean intersection over union (mIoU) of 82% [77 87]. Using panCK pretraining provided better performance compared to foundation models and allowed for 70% reduction in pathologist annotations with no drop in performance. Study design ensured model generalizability over variations on H&E where performance was consistent across centers, scanners, and subtypes.

BackgroundCerebellar malformations are broadly categorized into hypoplasias and dysplasias, which are further divided based on focal or diffuse involvement. Both hypoplasias and dysplasias are usually associated with cerebral involvement or as a part of syndromes. Isolated unilateral cerebellar dysplasia is, however, extremely unusual.Case presentationWe present a rare case of isolated unilateral cerebellar dysplasia, in a 25-year-old male patient, who came to the Neurology clinic with complaints of infrequent seizure episodes since childhood.ConclusionNotable isolated unilateral cerebellar dysplasia is a rare entity requiring symptomatic treatment, with an anomalous development process being the likely aetiology.

The extant literature suggests that women are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection and at higher risk for developing long COVID. Due to pandemic mitigation recommendations, social media was relied upon for various aspects of daily life, likely with differences of usage between genders. This study aimed to explore the role and functions of social media in the lives of long-hauler women. Participants were purposively snowball-sampled from an online health promotion intervention for long-hauler women with COVID-19 from March to June 2021. During this time, one-on-one, semistructured interviews were conducted online until data saturation was agreed to have been achieved (ie, 15 interviews). Interview transcripts and field notes were analyzed using an emergent, inductive approach. In total, 15 women were enrolled. The main roles of social media included facilitating support group participation, experience sharing, interpersonal connections, and media consumption. Emergent themes demonstrated that participants rely on social media to fulfill needs of emotional support, social engagement, spirituality, health planning, information gathering, professional support, and recreationally for relaxation. As long-hauler women turn to social media to discuss symptom and health management as well as the intention to vaccinate, this study demonstrates both the associated benefits (ie, decreased isolation) and challenges (ie, misinformation, rumination, resentment, jealousy). The public health implications of these findings support the development of gender-tailored health promotion interventions that leverage the benefits of social media, while mitigating the negative impacts, for women with long COVID.

Cancer-associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) have emerged as critical regulators of anti-tumour immunity, with both beneficial and detrimental properties that remain poorly characterised. To investigate this, we performed single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analysis, comparing head & neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) subgroups, which although heterogenous, can be considered broadly immune-hot and immune-cold (human papillomavirus [HPV]+ve and HPV-ve tumours respectively). This identified six fibroblast subpopulations, including two with immunomodulatory gene expression profiles ( IL-11 +  inflammatory [i]CAF and CCL19  + fibroblastic reticular cell [FRC]-like). IL-11 +  iCAF were spatially associated with inflammatory monocytes and regulated in vitro through synergistic activation of canonical NF-κB signalling by IL-1β and TNF-α. FRC-like were enriched in immune-hot HPV+ve tumours, associated with CD4 + T-cells and B-cells in tertiary lymphoid structures and regulated through non-canonical NF-κB signalling via lymphotoxin. Pan-cancer analysis revealed several ‘iCAF’ subgroups present in both normal and cancer tissues; IL11 +  iCAF were found in cancers from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and transcriptomically distinct from iCAFs previously described in pancreatic and breast cancers with greater inflammatory properties; FRC-like fibroblasts were present at low frequencies in all tumour types, and were associated with significantly better survival in patients receiving checkpoint immunotherapy. This work clarifies and expands current literature on immunomodulatory CAFs, highlighting links with important immunological niches.

Background HPV status is a key determinant of prognosis and treatment response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). To investigate how HPV influences the tumor-immune-stromal landscape, we performed high-dimensional spatial profiling, including its impact on spatial organization, tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), and spatially organized cellular neighborhoods. Methods Tumor biopsies from HNSCC patients ( n  = 16; 7 HPV-positive, 9 HPV-negative) were stained with a multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) panel focused on immune profiling. A deep learning-based analysis pipeline enabled the identification and phenotypic state profiling of 14 cell types. Tissues were segmented into four distinct tumor regions, and spatial neighborhoods and TLSs were identified and analyzed for differential cellular composition, activation states, and spatial interactions between HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumors. Results HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumors differ in their tumor microenvironment (TME) composition, tumor cell state and spatial organization. The TME of HPV-positive tumors exhibited a greater abundance of activated lymphocytes, B- and T-cell-enriched spatial neighborhoods, and PD-1–PD-L1 interactions within the tumor area, whereas HPV-negative tumors were dominated by fibroblast- and macrophage-rich niches. T - cells in HPV-positive tumors showed greater activation across neighborhoods and areas, while in HPV-negative tumors T - cells demonstrated enrichment of exhaustion and terminal differentiation markers such as PD-1 and CD57. HPV-positive tumor cells had increased IDO1, HLA-DR, and Ki67 positivity, whereas HPV-negative tumor cells were more frequently CD44 positive, reflecting a more stem-like phenotype. Importantly, TLSs in HPV-positive tumors were located closer to the tumor area and enriched in activated immune cells, including ICOS + CD4 T - cells, memory T - cells, and CD21 + B- cells. In contrast, TLSs in HPV-negative tumors were more distant and enriched for immunosuppressive populations such as PD-1 + /PD-L1 + Tregs and macrophages. Conclusions HPV status defines distinct spatial immune architectures in HNSCC. HPV-positive tumors harbor immune-activating TLSs and cellular neighborhoods that support antitumor immunity, whereas HPV-negative tumors exhibit suppressive niches and stromal dominance. These findings highlight TLSs, particularly their proximity and composition, as key features of the HPV-stratified TME and potential biomarkers for immunotherapy response. Graphical abstract

ABSTRACT Distant metastases are frequent in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), but they are limited to some organs like lungs, bone, mediastinum, liver and brain. Peritoneal metastases (PMs) from HNSCC are extremely rare. A 28-year-old chronic smoker and alcoholic was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx. Patient was admitted and was given six cycles of concurrent chemo and radiotherapy (CCRT) and was discharged. Two months later, he presented with abdominal pain and lump. Contrast-enhanced CT revealed ascites, peritoneal implants and subcutaneous deposit which were proved to be metastases by histopathology. The present case is the seventh reported case of PM from HNSCC. * Patients of HNSCC shall be screened for distant metastases. * Differential diagnosis of HNSCC needs consideration when encountered with peritoneal metastases. * Research is required to understand the basis of PM in HNSCC while on CCRT to suggest management modifications.

CD47 is a \"don't eat me\" signal that is overexpressed in tumors to evade phagocytosis by tumor associated macrophages (TAM). Investigational agents targeting CD47, such as magrolimab, aim to induce phagocytosis of tumor cells by TAMs. Previously, two key TAM subsets have been identified: C1QC TAMs, which display pro-phagocytic activity, and SPP1 TAMs that express pro-angiogenic markers. We characterize CD47 expression and its relationship with tumor macrophages in solid tumor samples. Resectable tumors from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (n=36) (HNSCC), breast cancer (n=37) (BC), and colorectal cancer (n=36) (CRC) were evaluated for CD47 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC), two multiplex immunofluorescence panels were used to characterize TAM markers and T cell markers. RNA sequencing was also performed. CD47 protein expression was higher on tumor cells compared to stromal cells across tumor indications tested. Although CRC had the lowest prevalence for CD47 expression in primary tumors, we observed a marked increase in CD47 expression in CRC liver metastases. We developed an SPP1 TAM gene signature and validated a C1QC TAM gene signature to estimate TAM abundances from bulk RNA-Seq data. In the TAM mIF analysis, HNSCC had the highest macrophage density of the indications tested. We observed a positive correlation between a higher C1QC: SPP1 TAM ratio and macrophage phenotype and tumor T cell density. C1QC macrophage signatures correlate with tumor CD47 protein expression in BC and HNSCC samples, suggesting interplay between them. We characterized CD47 expression across key solid tumor indications being evaluated clinically using anti-CD47 blockade agents: HNSCC, breast cancer and CRC. Using a CD47 IHC assay, we identified HNSCC as an indication with the highest CD47 expression. In addition, we quantified tumor macrophages using multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) and determined that HNSCC had the highest density of TAMs. Compared to relatively low CD47 expression in primary CRC tumors, CRC liver metastases had very high CD47 expression. Quantification of TAM signatures and CD47 expression represent key biomarkers to monitor in patient samples during exploration of CD47-blockade agents in the clinic.