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"Aggarwal, L"
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Physical properties of diamond and sapphire
\"Focusing on the physical properties of diamond and sapphire, this monograph describes essential details on crystal structure and growth, mechanical properties, thermal properties, optical properties, light scattering of diamond and sapphire crystals, and sapphire lasers. Mechanical properties include hardness, tensile strength, compressive strength, and Young's modulus. Thermal properties include thermal expansion, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. Optical properties of diamond and sapphire include transmission, refractive index, and absorption. Light scattering includes Raman scattering and Brillouin scattering. Sapphire lasers include chromium-doped and titanium-doped lasers\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Analysis of glass fiber-reinforced composite leaf springs in a light commercial vehicle
Leaf springs are designed to bear loads as well as shocks in automotive vehicles. Two leaves of glass fiber-reinforced composites (GFRCs) of various shapes sandwiched between steel plates were analyzed for application in a minitruck. Computer-aided engineering analysis was performed for five different types of GFRC material leaf springs: flat leaf, flat and parabolic leaf, both parabolic leaf, both parabolic leaf springs with aluminium alloy bushes at the eye-end and spring steel multi-leaf springs. A silencer pad was used in the parabolic leaf spring to reduce delamination and vibration at contact points of the mating leaf. The various shapes and combinations of leaves provided varying parameters, namely, the deformation, maximum equivalent strain, maximum equivalent stress and fatigue life. The CAE results showed that compared with the other combinations, the flat leaf and parabolic leaf combinations provided the maximum equivalent strain, maximum equivalent stress and fatigue life.
Journal Article
Optimization of Various Percentage of Fibers in Fiber Reinforced Composite Material Leaf Springs in Vehicles
A spring steel leaf spring is commonly used for suspension system in all types of loading vehicles due to its good stiffness and fatigue strength. Today, spring steel leaf springs are used in majority of applications but they are heavy in weight, poor in terms of gets corrosion resistance and average in ride comfort. Fiber reinforced composite material leaf spring represents a key application of composite materials in the field of automotive vehicles due to improved ride comfort and light in weight. Stiffness, fatigue life and damping capacity are the critical parameter of fiber reinforced composite leaf springs. CAE software and experimental analysis have been mainly used for design and analysis for composite material leaf springs. Saman Jolaiy et.al. [2021] focused on the damping characteristics of the composite leaf springs and worked out that fabrication of composite leaf spring with viscoelastic core(2mm) decreases the damping ratio of the leaf spring system, which results in a smooth ride. Few studies evaluated the stress distribution, deflection and fatigue life assessment of composite leaf springs reinforced with glass fibers or carbon fibers or combination of carbon lass and carbon fibers. The main objective of the present work is to optimize various percentage of fiber reinforced composite material leaf springs along with insertion of viscous core. The optimized results thus obtained show that the fiber reinforced composite leaf springs with viscous core can be a good replacement of spring steel leaf springs with overall weight reduction and better damping characteristics. Replacing spring steel leaf springs with fiber reinforced composite leaf springs will improve safety, comfort, high elastic strain energy storage capacity and durability.
Journal Article
Investigation regarding the Replacement of Composite Material Leaf Springs with Spring Steel Leaf Springs in Automotive Vehicles: A Review
Leaf Springs finds vast applications in different types of mechanical systems. In spite of lot of research, spring steel leaf springs finds a lot of applications in all types of heavy vehicle. Composite leaf springs represent some application of composite materials in the field of automotive lightweight materials. However, the composite material finds limited applications in the form of mono leaf but for multi leaf in heavy vehicles, its application is rare due to certain issues including delamination. Stiffness and damping properties are the critical parameter of composite leaf springs and are closely related to the handling stability and ride comfort of automobiles. Composite leaf spring with variable parameters may be used in the automobiles to replace the conventional steel leaf springs, mainly due to the high load-bearing capacity. The optimum structural design of composite leaf spring may be calculated using an effective algorithm. The mechanical properties of composite leaf spring is analyzed with experimental or computational approach or both. This paper investigates addresses various issues regarding the replacement of composite material leaf springs with spring steel leaf springs in light and heavy weight automotive vehicles.
Journal Article
Systematic and comprehensive investigation of the toxicity of curcuminoid-essential oil complex: A bioavailable turmeric formulation
Curcumin, the active component present in Curcuma longa of the family Zingiberaceae, has a number of pharmacological effects, including potential anti-inflammatory activity. One of the major limitations of curcumin/turmeric extract is its poor absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. Several approaches have been adopted to increase the bioavailability of curcumin, including loading curcumin into liposomes or nanoparticles, complexation with phospholipids, addition of essential oils and synthesizing structural analogues of curcumin. In the present study, the toxicity and safety of one such bioavailable turmeric formulation, curcuminoid-essential oil complex (CEC), the toxicity profile of which has not been reported, were examined using in vivo and in vitro models, as per the guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Investigations of acute toxicity study were performed in rats and mice, and the results revealed no signs and symptoms or toxicity or mortality in any of the animals at the maximum recommended dose level of 5,000 mg/kg body weight. The repeated administration of CEC for 90 days in Wistar rats at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight did not induce any observable toxic effects, compared with corresponding control animals. Mutagenicity/genotoxicity investigations were also performed using a bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), a mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test and a mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test in mice. CEC was found to be non-mutagenic in all three mutagenic investigations. Consequently, the present study indicated that CEC elicited no toxic effects in animals or in vitro. Therefore, following investigations of acute toxicity, repeated dose toxicity and mutagenicity, CEC was deemed a safe, non-toxic pharmacological formulation.
Journal Article
Dynamics of ultrafine particles inside a roadway tunnel
Size-segregated ultrafine particles from motor vehicles were investigated in the Craeybeckx tunnel (E19 motorway, Antwerp, Belgium) at two measurement sites, at 100 and 300 m inside the tunnel, respectively, during March 2008. It was observed that out of the three size modes, nucleation, Aitken, and accumulation, Aitken mode was the most dominant size fraction inside the tunnel. The diurnal variation in ultrafine particle (UFP) levels closely follows the vehicular traffic inside the tunnel, which was maximum during office rush hours, both in the morning and evening and minimum during night-time around 3 am. The tunnel data showed very high growth rates in comparison with free atmosphere. The average condensation sink during the growth period was 14.1–17.3 × 10⁻² s⁻¹. The average growth rate (GR) of geometric mean diameter was found to be 18.6 ± 2.45 nm h⁻¹. It was observed that increase in Aitken mode was related to the numbers of heavy-duty vehicles (HDV), as they emit mainly in the Aitken mode. The higher Aitken mode during traffic jams correlated well with HDV numbers. At the end of the tunnel, sudden dilution leading to fast coagulation was responsible for the sudden drop in the UFP number concentration.
Journal Article
Empirical modeling of shot peening parameters for welded austenitic stainless steel using grey relational analysis
The attempt of this paper is to present an effective approach for the optimization of the shot peening process of welded AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel with multi performance characteristics using Grey relational analysis (GRA) based on Taguchi orthogonal array. Twenty-seven experimental runs are performed to determine best process parameters level. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) is carried out to identify significant peening parameters. The response tables are obtained for analyzing the optimal levels of shot peening parameters and major factors that affect the quality function. The multiple performance characteristics including tensile strength, surface hardness and surface roughness are the quality functions considered for the optimization. Further mathematical models are developed using regression analysis for the tensile strength, surface hardness and surface roughness. It will be very helpful to the engineers in deciding the levels of the shot peening parameters for desired performance characteristics.
Journal Article
Comparative deflection analysis of conical compression spring with standard constant rate helical spring
Springs, indisputably find vast applications in different types of mechanical systems. Springs are utilized everywhere, right from simple playing toys to automobiles and dies. Stiffness is one of the most prominent factors for a spring. While the constant rate helical springs exhibit a linear behaviour, the conical springs display non-linear characteristics. The reason considered behind an increment in stiffness with an increase in deflection in case of conical springs is that the resistance offered by the small-diameter portion is more and hence, it deflects later compared to the larger diameter portion. In this paper, conical springs are studied experimentally under variable test conditions and an effort is made in the direction of further inducing the variable stiffness to a higher extent in the conical spring as compared to presently used constant rate springs for various special-purpose applications.
Journal Article
A-90 day gavage safety assessment of Boswellia serrata in rats
The present study deals with the evaluation and assessment of the safety/toxic potential of Boswellia serrata, a well known Ayurvedic herb used to treat disorders of digestive system, respiratory ailments and bone related diseases. A repeated dose oral (90 days) toxicity study of Boswellia serrata was carried out. For this, 10 rats of each sex were treated with the Boswellia serrata at three different doses i.e. 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg B. wt. /day. As a control, 10 rats of each sex were treated with corn oil only which was the vehicle. Two groups consisting of five male and five female rats were kept as control recovery and high dose recovery group which were treated with the vehicle (corn oil) and the Boswellia serrata at the dose of 1000 mg/kg B. wt. Animals of control recovery and high dose recovery groups were further observed for 28 days without any treatment. From this study, it was found that the rats treated with high dose of the Boswellia serrata gained their body weight with much less rate than that of the control group. However, during the recovery period, the loss in body weight gain as observed during the study period exhibits a reversible effect on the metabolic activity and recovered. The results also indicate that Boswellia serrata is relatively safe in rat up to the dose of 500 mg/kg B.wt. as no adverse impact on health factors was observed. Thus, the No observed adverse effect level is 500 mg/kg B. wt.
Journal Article
Effect of preheating on fatigue resistance of gears in spin induction coil hardening process
Spin hardening inductors are typically used for fine-sized teeth gear geometry. With the proper selection of several design parameters, only the gear teeth can be case surface hardened without affecting the other surface of gear. Preheating may be done to reach an adapted high austenitizing temperature in the root circle to avoid overheating of the tooth tip during final heating. The effect of preheating of gear on control of compressive residual stresses and case hardening has been experimentally discussed in this paper. Present work is about analysing single frequency mode, preheat hardening treatment and compressive residual stresses field for hardening process of spur gear using spin hardening inductors.
Journal Article