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Increasing demand in developing countries for animal sources of food including red meat is predicted to double by 2050. In Indonesia, there has always been a gap between supply and demand of beef with national beef production only satisfying about 45% of demand. This paper aims to describe the current features and prospects for beef production systems in Indonesia. The first part of the article reviews and analyses Indonesian beef cattle production systems. The second part addresses issues related to the current systems for beef production that could become important for future development of the beef industry in Indonesia. Recommendations to improve breeding and reproduction, to empower smallholder farmers, to improve the capacity of industry-related institutions to enhance technology transfer, and to develop systems for industry development such as integration of palm oil or plantations with beef cattle production are briefly discussed. KCI Citation Count: 41

Microalgae have gained attention in laying hen nutrition due to their richness in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), pigments, and antioxidants. However, their efficacy in poultry diets remains inconsistent. This meta-analysis quantitatively evaluated the effects of dietary microalgae supplementation on performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acid composition, and blood biochemistry in laying hens. Thirty-six peer-reviewed articles were retrieved from Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar following PRISMA guidelines, and effect sizes were calculated using weighted mean differences. Microalgae supplementation did not affect feed intake ( p  > 0.05) but significantly improved hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, yolk weight, shell traits, and Haugh units ( p  < 0.05). Yolk pigmentation increased in color intensity and redness ( p  < 0.001) but decreased in lightness ( p  < 0.001). Microalgae enhanced yolk total n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid ( p  < 0.001), while reducing n-6 PUFA and the n-6/n-3 ratio ( p  < 0.05). Blood total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase concentrations decreased ( p  < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary microalgae supplementation augments laying performance, enhances egg quality and yolk pigmentation, fortifies yolk with beneficial n-3 fatty acids, and promotes liver health, highlighting its potential as a functional feed additive in layer diets.

Okiagaru Indonesia Agricoop is one of the Farmer Youth Groups(KPT), which operates in the field of organic vegetable cultivation, located in Pacet District, Cianjur Regency. The 3.5-hectare land is utilized toproduce vegetables, which will be sold in restaurants, Japanese supermarkets, and local markets in Indonesia. The development of information technology in Indonesia is currently taking place quickly. It hasa significant impact on business actors, enabling them to more efficiently market their products globally via the internet. Thus, Okiagaru Indonesia Agricoop must develop its business towards digital for business continuity in the digital era. One analysis method that can be used for business development is the Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach. The research objective is to analyze digital marketing strategies by creating websites thatcan be applied as an alternative development and solution to problems at Okiagaru Indonesia Agricoop using the Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach. The data collection method was that the research location was chosen purposively because Okiagaru Indonesia Agricoop is related toorganic radish commodities. The data used are primary and secondary data types. Determining the marketing strategy was carried out using the Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach. The research results were obtained based on the nine BMC elements consisting of customer segments,value proposition, channels, customer relationships, revenue streams, essential resources, key activities, key partnerships, and cost structure, which are summarized in one canvas showing that the application of digitalmarketing can increase revenue to provide benefits for Okiagaru Indonesia Agricoop.

Objective: One hundred hybrid male ducks (Mojosari×Alabio) were used to examine the efficacy of chicory supplementation as nutritional feed manipulation on production performance, and blood lipid profile of hybrid ducks.Methods: The ducks were tagged, weighed, and then allotted randomly to one of the four treatment diets using a completely randomized design. The experimental diets were: i) P0 (100% basal diets+0% chicory as control), ii) P1 (95% basal diets+5% chicory), iii) P2 (90% basal diets+10% chicory) and iv) P3 (85% basal diets+15% chicory). For each treatment group, there were 5 replicates of 5 birds each. All experimental diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric using locally available ingredients.Results: Hybrid ducks with fed diets supplemented fresh chicory (5%, 10%, and 15%) showed increased feed intake and body weight gain, as well as feed conversion ratio to be smaller than those ducks fed diets without chicory supplementation (control). The ducks fed 10% chicory supplementation contained significantly (p<0.05) lower ash and higher organic matter contents of meat than those ducks fed other diets. The ducks fed 15% chicory supplementation showed the lowest crude protein and cholesterol content of meat among the treatment diets. Ducks fed chicory supplementation showed lower (p<0.05) blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels than those ducks fed without chicory supplementation, while dietary interventions had no major (p>0.05) influence on low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein levels in duck blood.Conclusion: In this study, 10% chicory supplementation showed the best results characterized by an increase in growth performance, carcass quality, small intestinal histomorphology, and lower cholesterol levels of meat.

Objective: This study used an in vitro approach to investigate the effects of combined organic selenium and zinc supplementation on rumen microbial communities. Materials and Methods: A completely randomized design was employed with five dietary treatments: basal diet only (CON), CON + selenium 0.30 ppm (part per million) + zinc 60 ppm (SZ-1), CON + selenium 0.45 ppm + zinc 60 ppm (SZ-2), CON + selenium 0.30 ppm + zinc 90 ppm (SZ-3), and CON + selenium 0.45 ppm + zinc 90 ppm (SZ-4). Selenium and zinc were provided in the form of organic-chelated methionine. Results: Analysis of rumen microbiota through 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed no significant differences in microbial diversity (p > 0.05); however, microbial composition was significantly affected. SZ-2, SZ-3, and SZ-4 groups exhibited an increased prevalence of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and a reduction in Firmicutes compared to CON and SZ-1 (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Patescibacteria and Euryarchaeota was also reduced in the SZ-2, SZ-3, and SZ-4 groups (p < 0.05). At the genus level, Prevotella, Ruminococcus, and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut groups were enriched in SZ-2, SZ-3, and SZ-4, whereas Lachnospiraceae XPB1014 and Christensenellaceae R-7 group decreased (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Combined selenium and zinc supplementation as organic trace minerals significantly modulates rumen microbial composition, enhancing the relative abundance of carbohydrate-degrading bacteria while reducing methanogen-related taxa.

Objective: The principal objective of this research was to examine the influence of zinc-methionine (Zn-Met) addition on feed on the in vitro ruminal enzyme activities, fermentation characteristics, methane production, and digestibilities of feed nutrients. Materials and Methods: The dosage of Zn-Met as a source of organic Zn was added to feed based on dry matter (DM) as follows: 0-without Zn addition (CON), 30 Zn mg/kg-low (LZM), 60 Zn mg/kg-medium (MZM), and 90 Zn mg/kg-high (HZM). Results: The results indicated significant impacts of Zn-Met addition on various parameters. Compared to the CON group, all Zn-Met treatments resulted in increased total volatile fatty acids (VFA) (linear; p < 0.001), carboxymethyl-cellulase activity (linear; p < 0.001), and gas production at 48-h of incubation (linear; p < 0.001, quadratic; p < 0.001). Additionally, the MZM and HZM groups exhibited higher levels of amylase activity (linear; p < 0.001), protease activity (linear; p = 0.006), microbial protein (linear; p = 0.009), DM digestibility (linear; p < 0.001), organic matter (OM) digestibility (linear; p < 0.001), crude protein (CP) digestibility (linear; p = 0.004), and crude fiber (CF) digestibility (linear; p = 0.003) than CON treatment. However, the treatments did not have any noteworthy effects on pH, the individual VFA (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) proportions, NH3-N concentration, and methane production (p > 0.05). Conclusion: It could be summarized that supplementing 60 and 90 Zn mg/kg DM as Zn-Met could improve the in vitro ruminal enzyme activities, fermentation characteristics, and nutrient digestibility without affecting methane production.

Asia is responsible for ~60% of global egg production. As in most of the world, nearly all of the egg-laying hens are housed in cages. While there is growing demand for cage-free eggs in many regions of the world, challenges have been reported when transitioning to these systems, which may affect the willingness of producers to transition. The aim of this research was to investigate the views of Asian egg producers on the feasibility of cage-free systems and what they perceive to be the main challenges and proposed solutions in adopting cage-free systems. A total of 224 egg producers (165 cage egg producers) completed questionnaires containing a mix of free-form, Likert scale and demographic items. Data were analyzed using thematic qualitative analysis and descriptive quantitative statistics. Responses indicated that cages are primarily used for their efficiency and ease of management. The most common reasons to consider adopting cage-free systems included improved animal welfare, increased market access, and increased product quality. A majority of producers (65%) responded “yes” or “maybe” when asked if they consider cage-free systems to be feasible in their country. Perceived challenges in adopting cage-free systems included reduced profitability, higher costs, and biosecurity and disease. Potential solutions included the development of the cage-free industry and market development. Most producers (72%) said more support is needed to establish cage-free farms, mostly pertaining to technical advice, training and resources. The findings of this study provide an enhanced understanding of the egg industry in these countries and potential areas for producer support in transitioning to cage-free systems.

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of moisture and fermentation length on the chemical compositions, fermentation characteristics, feed-out phase, and ruminal digestibility of fermented concentrate using tamanu kernel cake (TKC) as the main protein source. Materials and Methods: The concentrate was formulated to contain 16.5% crude protein (CP) and 35% neutral detergent fiber consisting of 40% TKC, 7.60% soybean meal, 25.0% wheat pollard, 26.4% dried cassava, and 1% molasses. Those ingredients were mixed and fermented anaerobically at 5 kg into a vacuumed plastic bag with different additional sterile distilled water to reach moisture levels at 25% (MO25), 35% (MO35), and 45% (MO45). Each moisture level was incubated with different fermentation lengths consisting of 2, 7, 14, 21, and 42 days in quadruplicate. After fermentation, each silo was sub-sampled for laboratory analyses. Results: MO25 and MO35 led to higher CP with lower acid detergent fiber than MO45. In the fermentation, MO35 and MO45 generated higher (p < 0.05) lactate than MO25. An extended fermentation length linearly dropped (p < 0.05) dry matter, CP, and ether extract, but gradually increased (p < 0.05) ammonia-N, lactate, acetate, and the counts of lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and bacilli. After 42 days, MO25 and MO35 initiated higher (p < 0.05) aerobic stability. The digestibility and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) in the rumen increased (p < 0.05) over 2 days. However, prolonged fermentation length linearly decreased (p < 0.05) total VFA and methane emission without affecting rumen pH, ammonia-N, and each VFA profile. Conclusion: The application of MO35 was found to reduce nutrient loss and improve aerobic stability comparable to MO25 while achieving fermentation quality similar to MO45, and short-term fermentation, such as 2 days, could improve ruminal digestibility.

Meatballs are popular in Asia and traditionally made from beef or chicken with tapioca (≈8% wt/wt) as filler. Tapioca has a high glycaemic index (GI); therefore, rice bran was evaluated as a substitute to create a healthier meatball of acceptable quality. Substitution of tapioca with rice bran (100:0; 75:25, 50:50; 25:75; 0:100% tapioca: % rice bran) decreased the starch content (7.8 to 3.3%) and GI (56.08 to 43.85) whilst increasing the protein (10.9 to 12.8%) and fibre (8.1 to 10.3%) contents. Although consistency (995 to 776 N/mm) was affected, firmness (90.6 to 90.5 N) and shear force (300 to 312 N) were only slightly affected by the ratio of tapioca to rice bran. Sensory analysis revealed that the goat meatball with the substitution of tapioca with up to 25% rice bran was deemed acceptable by 40 Indonesian consumers.

This study aimed to determine the effect of raw materials Legetan in the form of fresh and hay on the physical quality of pellets. Legetan ( Synedrella nodiflora ) was used as main ingredient, in the form of fresh and hay. The research method used a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD). Then, if there was a significant difference, it will be analyzed further using Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). The treatments consisted of P1 = 10% rice bran + 90% fresh Legetan; P2 = 20% rice bran + 80% fresh Legetan; P3 = 10% rice bran + 90% hay Legetan ; P4 = 20% rice bran + 80% hay Legetan . The variables measured were rendement , color, texture, and price. The results showed that the utilization of Legetan forage as raw material, both hay and fresh with the proportions of rice bran either 10:90 or 20:80, had no significant effect on the physical quality of Legetan forage pellets. However, the higher the portions of Legetan forage in the forage pellets, the more affordable the pellet price will be.