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We analyze methodological trends in empirical research in JIBS from 1970 to 2019. Our results point to the prevalence of the following patterns: there has been an increase in the use of (1) large-scale longitudinal, cross-national datasets, (2) complex analytical techniques, including the incorporation of multiple analytical techniques within the same study, but (3) a decline in the diversity of methods in use. We relate these trends to the underlying social, technical, and communicative conventions in the journal during the 50-year period. The observed patterns are consistent with theory that posits scientific fields entrench a dominant paradigm over time, resulting in a restricted set of methodological options being selected. Such restrictions jeopardize the quality of research because the study of any phenomenon requires the use of multiple methodological procedures to avoid the systematic biases, errors, omissions, and limitations introduced by any single option. Therefore, we propose the use of triangulation as a strategy for building methodological alternatives into research designs. Institutionalization of this principle in the field of international business has the potential to enhance both the rigor and scope of future inquiry.

This article contributes to the growing stream of research on power and micro-politics in the MNE. It is situated in the critical realist epistemology. It adopts Burawoy's extended case study method together with a context-sensitive and an actor-centered mode of explanation. The case is intriguing: a MNE from Brazil expands into Canada, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Norway and imposes a new pay and performance management system, contrasting with existing host norms. The article uses this to examine interrelated questions about the influence of an emerging-economy parent business system and how this interacts with the well-developed institutional regulation of the host countries. Hence we are forced into the interesting realm of multilevel analysis about MNEs, power relations and institutional change. We argue that the transfer of HRM practices within MNEs is best explained by a consideration of institutions, organizational structures, actors' postures within and beyond the MNE, and their relational interplay. Specifically, it requires an analysis of the macro-political context (home and host institutional influences; subsidiaries' size, mode of establishment, history, value chain location; and the host economies' dependence on foreign investment) on which actors' identities and interests are formed, and on which the ensuing micro-political relations are played out.

This paper examines trends, challenges and opportunities in terms of research methodologies in qualitative IB research. In particular, it examines trends for the dominant (positivism/(post)positivism) paradigm versus alternative paradigms (i.e., social constructivism, critical realism and interpretivism) and provides a comparative analysis of data collection and methods. Using mixed methods to collect and analyze data on qualitative articles published in International Business Review, Journal of International Business Studies, Journal of World Business, and Management International Review, we examine trends and differences between the dominant and alternative paradigms and use qualitative content analysis to investigate how alternative paradigm papers are conceptualized and presented. Moreover, we interview authors of non-positivist papers to gain in-depth understanding of the findings. We reveal differences across the paradigms and provide evidence of paradigmatic fit between methods and data collection techniques for the dominant paradigm, but more variation for alternative paradigms. Lastly, we provide prescriptions for IB scholars in terms of methodology diversity and how complex IB phenomena can be pursued vis-a-vis alternative paradigms.

PurposeCompanies target globally mobile workers and face the war for talent, while individuals are more reluctant to engage in global mobility. This scenario led us to propose a model to understand the individuals' decision process to engage in global mobility.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on the self-determination theory, the theory of planned behavior and the literature on decisions for global mobility, the authors propose mechanisms through which psychological variables and assignments' factual and perceived contextual aspects (directly or indirectly) explain the decision to engage or not in global mobility.FindingsThis study offers a conceptual model with the authors' novel propositions to explain individuals' decision to engage in global mobility.Originality/valueThe model provides a more comprehensive explanation of the individuals' decision-making process to engage in global mobility than previous models and potentially yields more effective organizational practices to attract both well-established and emerging phenomena of globally mobile workers.

This issue, developed in cooperation with the Academy of International Business Research Methods Shared Interest Group, explores the importance of utilizing sound research methods when studying international business phenomena. In addition to featuring two research methods-focused articles, it also presents articles on social identity theory in the age of identity politics, Tik-tok and the splinternet, and the different value chain requirements for medical devises in the COVID-19 era.

In addition to featuring two research methods-focused articles, it also presents articles on social identity theory in the age of identity politics, Tik-tok and the splinternet, and the different value chain requirements for medical devises in the COVID-19 era. Since the 1970s, the importance of sound and diverse methodology as a good practice has been a central topic in the Academy of International Business (AIB) community (e.g., Dymsza, 1979; Dymsza & Vambery, 1977; Vambery, 1978). [...]imparting knowledge and skills regarding responsible research methods, whether this relates to data collection or analysis, is key. More specifically, the objectives of the Research Methods Shared Interest Group are to: * Provide AIB members with a worldwide forum for scholarly engagement about research methodologies; * Advance the quality, diversity and understanding of research methodologies in the AIB; * Provide a repository of knowledge for AIB members on the range of, and trends in, research methodologies; * Stimulate innovation in research methodologies and promote the use of novel methodologies; * Organize doctoral training and professional development opportunities for AIB members on research methodologies at conferences such as the AIB Annual Meeting and through events hosted at different universities; * Alongside the AIB, assist in building the research capacity of new researchers and emerging countries and regions. [...]before overviewing the specific articles in this issue, we would like to highlight some of the recent commentaries and articles in one of our sister publications, the Journal of International Business Studies, which is the flagship publication for the international business field.

Background and Clinical Significance: Ovarian ectopic pregnancy (OEP) is a rare occurrence, and molar degeneration is even more exceptional. Differential diagnosis between a partial and complete hydatidiform mole is paramount as the complete type carries a higher risk of post-molar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Herein, we describe a case of a partial mole in an OEP (OPHM) with thorough investigations. Case Presentation: A 39-year-old woman presented at 6 weeks of amenorrhea with abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound showed no intrauterine pregnancy, but an ovarian cyst suspicious for OEP. The patient underwent surgical removal of the cyst. Histological diagnosis was suspicious for OPHM with only one abnormal villous. Immunohistochemistry for p57kip2 and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) were not conclusive. STR-based (Short Tandem Repeat) molecular technique demonstrated the chromosomal asset of 69,XXX, confirming the diagnosis of OPHM. The patient was fully monitored for 1 year with periodic measurements of beta-hCG levels. After that period, the patient was in good health and disease-free. Conclusions: Histologically, ancillary techniques might not be sufficient to confirm the diagnosis of a hydatidiform mole, especially if the tissue available is scarce. In this case, STR has been demonstrated an effective tool in defining the chromosomal asset, even in paraffin-embedded samples.

The use of biofertilizers is becoming an economical and environmentally friendly alternative to promote sustainable agriculture. Biochar from microalgae/cyanobacteria can be applied to enhance the productivity of food crops through soil improvement, slow nutrient absorption and release, increased water uptake, and long-term mitigation of greenhouse gas sequestration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the stimulatory effects of biochar produced from Spirulina ( Arthrospira platensis ) biomass on the development and seed production of rice plants. Biochar was produced by slow pyrolysis at 300°C, and characterization was performed through microscopy, chemical, and structural composition analyses. Molecular and physiological analyses were performed in rice plants submitted to different biochar concentrations (0.02, 0.1, and 0.5 mg mL -1 ) to assess growth and productivity parameters. Morphological and physicochemical characterization revealed a heterogeneous morphology and the presence of several minerals (Na, K, P, Mg, Ca, S, Fe, and Si) in the biochar composition. Chemical modification of compounds post-pyrolysis and a highly porous structure with micropores were observed. Rice plants submitted to 0.5 mg mL -1 of biochar presented a decrease in root length, followed by an increase in root dry weight. The same concentration influenced seed production, with an increase of 44% in the number of seeds per plant, 17% in the percentage of full seeds per plant, 12% in the weight of 1,000 full seeds, 53% in the seed weight per plant, and 12% in grain area. Differential proteomic analyses in shoots and roots of rice plants submitted to 0.5 mg mL -1 of biochar for 20 days revealed a fine-tuning of resource allocation towards seed production. These results suggest that biochar derived from Arthrospira platensis biomass can stimulate rice seed production.

Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery is common and mostly asymptomatic. The ideal target population that will benefit from routine troponin measurements in low and middle income countries (LMICs) is unclear. This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of a cohort of high-risk surgical patients according to high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT) in an LMIC setting. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 442 high-risk patients undergoing noncardiac surgery at a Brazilian hospital between February 2019 and March 2020. High-sensitivity troponin T levels were measured preoperatively, 24 hr, and 48 hr after surgery and stratified into three groups: normal (< 20 ng·L ); minor elevation (20-65 ng·L ); and major elevation (> 65 ng·L ). We performed survival analysis to determine the association between myocardial injury and one-year mortality. We described medical interventions and evaluated unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) admission and complications using multivariable models. Postoperative myocardial injury occurred in 45% of patients. Overall, 30-day mortality was 8%. Thirty-day and one-year mortality were higher in patients with hsTnT ≥ 20 ng·L . One-year mortality was 18% in the unaltered troponin group vs 31% and 41% for minor and major elevation groups, respectively. Multivariable analysis of one-year survival showed a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.94 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22 to 3.09) for the minor elevation group and a HR of 2.73 (95% CI, 1.67 to 4.45) for the troponin > 65 ng·L group. Patients with altered troponin had more unplanned ICU admissions (13% vs 5%) and more complications (78% vs 48%). This study supports evidence that hsTnT is an important prognostic marker and a strong predictor of all-cause mortality after surgery. Troponin measurement in high-risk surgical patients could potentially be used as tool to scale-up care in LMIC settings. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04187664); first submitted 5 December 2019.