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The global waste generation keeps increasing over the years and it requires innovative solutions to minimize its impacts on environmental quality and public health. A strategic plan must be ascertained to overcome the future challenges of Municipal solid waste (MSW) locally and globally. Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) coined an initiative to demonstrate a showcase pilot plant for green energy production from MSW. The data was obtained from the survey and actual sampling within the UPM compound shows that UPM has generated 5.0–7.0 t/d of MSW generated consist of 30–35% organic fraction. Restaurants are the main source of the organic fraction. Upon separation, the organic fractions were digested into biogas. At a maximum conversion of the organic fraction, 715 kWh of electricity might be generated from the 2.2 t/d of organic waste generated in UPM. In this study, organic components from UPM were proposed to be subsequently used as a substrate via anaerobic digestion to produce green energy in the form of electricity or flammable fuels.

Metallic nanostructures play a role in many applications owing the ability of supporting surface plasmons and enhanced device performance from the manipulation and flexibility of size dependence. Herein, we optimized the plasmonic metallic nanostructures of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on nanohybrid structures of AuNPs embedded on tungsten disulphide (WS 2 ) using p-type silicon substrate. Three different thicknesses layer of Au namely 6 nm, 8 nm and 10 nm has been deposited using electron beam evaporation machine before undergoing thermal annealing process at 600 °C for 1 min for nanoparticles formation. Particles with average size of 40 nm, 60 nm and 85 nm evolved accordingly to the thickness layer. Spray pyrolysis technique of WS 2 was applied on the AuNPs before depositing gold contact for nanohybrid photodetector. We observe that the 6 nm thickness Au nanofilms that form 40 nm AuNPs average particle sizes exhibit the optimum surface plasmon resonance which increase the light absorption, scattering and localized electromagnetic field of incoming light compared to bare WS 2 . The Au(6 nm)-WS 2 device has the highest responsivity of 1.91 A/W and specific detectivity of 1.15 × 10 11 Jones compared to bare WS 2 device that exhibit lower responsivity and specific detectivity of 1.19 A/W and 6.58 × 10 10 Jones, respectively. The response time for Au (6 nm)-WS 2 and bare WS 2 device are 6.00 ms and 4.64 ms, respectively. We report high performance Au NPs enhanced WS 2 photodetector under the illumination of 532 nm light.