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Education has been and remains one of the most important components of the progress of all nations. However, disasters and crises have a significant negative impact, especially on children and the extent to which appropriate educational buildings can be provided to ensure their safe evacuation during disasters. Schools must take responsibility for the ability to support demand in the face of natural disasters. The research encompasses an analysis of distinct challenges presented by natural disasters, incorporating insights derived from fire safety models that align with diverse safety protocols in disaster scenarios. Leveraging the guidelines outlined in the British Code for fire safety, this study aims to augment the suitability standards of building designs specified by the General Authority for Egyptian Educational Buildings. It allows proposed modifications to existing models to mitigate the impact of damage during disaster evacuations. Therefore, this research provides Improving safety features and resilience during disaster evacuation especially in the design of escape routes in school buildings and proposes implementable recommendations for adapting architectural designs, by shortening travel distances in corridors, providing safe fire escape stairs, and providing assembly areas to prevent crowding during evacuation form School buildings. These are factors that play a pivotal role in mitigating the risks posed by natural disasters in educational buildings, and the study supports the idea that effective evacuation strategies in schools depend on an accurate understanding of the challenges posed by different types of natural disasters, to ensure the safety of students during critical circumstances

Education was and still is one of the most important components of the progress of all nations, so international conventions affirmed the right to education for all children as one of their most important rights. However, disasters and crises have a significant negative impact on societies, especially children, and the extent to which appropriate educational services are provided to them. Therefore, strategies must focus on the need to ensure children's access to education, especially in areas affected by disasters and crises. The study presents the concept of semi-permanent buildings as a suitable tool to accelerate the construction of schools, which facilitates the process of rapid recovery from the effects of disasters and emergency crises, in addition to being economical, safe and easy to use. The study mentions the rapid construction methods for semi-permanent buildings, and in particular the method of construction with reinforced polystyrene panels as one of the modern construction methods, taking into account factors such as speed of construction, flexibility and sustainability. To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed construction system, the research presents a comparison of this system with an existing model that was built in the traditional manner. By analyzing the results of the comparison, the study concluded that the advantages of using this system for semi-permanent buildings allow providing the appropriate educational environment in the fastest time and at an appropriate cost..

Providing a comfortable climatic environment in the residential shelter is one of the renewed challenges in the field of architecture, especially in the desert environment. Therefore, the study focused on taking advantage of negative design concepts in the field of energy conservation, by modifying the selection of the optimal orientation of buildings in urban fabric and studying the relationship between residential buildings and their mutual effects on shading rates. Thus rationalizing the amount of energy consumed as an alternative to providing a comfortable environment. One of the neighborhoods of New Cairo was chosen as an applied example for the new cities, as it represents an organic extension of the city of Cairo in the desert back of the city. By making a comparison between a proposed model in which the optimal orientation of the buildings and the compact urban fabric was taken into account mainly to clarify the discrepancy in the effect of not taking into account the most appropriate orientation of the buildings with the movement of the sun and wind in the current urban coordination model. Shows the effect of reducing thermal loads on residential buildings and maximizing the use of good ventilation, and the extent to which environmental comfort is achieved within residential buildings with the least amount of energy consumed in the proposed model. The study concludes with recommendations that take into account the local climatic environment in planning urban expansions in the next phase.

The central Cairo area, known as the \"Ministries Square,\" grapples with acute congestion attributed to the concentration of numerous ministries and government agencies. This area, frequented daily by a substantial number of citizens, including employees and workers, hosts government institutions of significant historical and archaeological value. Several of these institutions face deterioration and damage due to prolonged use and inadequate maintenance relative to their historical significance. This paper advocates for the repurposing of the Ministries Square in downtown Cairo, leveraging its prominent geographical location at the heart of the capital. The current uses of this area do not align with its inherent value, especially considering the ongoing relocation of government functions to the Administrative Capital. The research endeavours to present an institutional system geared towards fostering a competitive advantage for the Ministries Square area. The envisioned transformation involves establishing an open museum showcasing ancient historical areas and buildings, creatively utilizing them for unconventional purposes. The methodology encompasses outlining a general framework for preserving heritage areas and buildings, presenting visions and strategic plans for the Greater Cairo region and the New Administrative Capital over the next two decades, diagnosing the current state of the Ministries Square area, delineating existing challenges, and proposing an initial planning vision. Finally, the study puts forth a system of policies and mechanisms focused on preserving heritage government buildings in downtown Cairo, aligning with the sustainability concept to safeguard the values these structures hold for future generations while restoring their aesthetic and cultural significance.

BackgroundStrawberry fruit is a rich source of antioxidants that are beneficial for human health. However, the rapid decline of strawberries dramatically reduces the shelf life and raises postharvest losses. To develop an efficient and ecological approach for maintaining the quality, strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa, cv. Festival) were treated with 0.5% chitosan coating (0.5% Ch), guava leaf-based chitosan nanoparticles coating (Gl-ChNps), and a combination treatment of 1.3 mW/cm2 laser light followed by Gl-ChNps coating (combined treatment), then stored for 12 days at 10 °C and 85–90% RH. The untreated fruit served as a control.ResultsSemi-spherical particles with an average size of 21.92 nm, a monodisperse nature, and high solution stability were formed. The findings revealed that the combined treatment completely suppressed fungal decay compared to 50% decay in control, and significantly reduced weight loss percentage to 4.68% compared to 27.35% in control. In accordance, the combined treatment had the maximum anthocyanin content and vitamin C, at 42 and 81.1 mg/100 g, respectively. The results showed that treated strawberries had less change in color, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and pH during storage than untreated strawberries, which exhibited higher chemical changes.ConclusionsThe edible film of chitosan nanoparticles acted as a semi-permeable barrier that modified and restricted gas exchange, reduced water loss, and delayed fruit senescence. In addition, the combination of laser light with chitosan nanoparticles has been shown to control the pathogens and retain the freshness of strawberries.

Worldwide, vast amounts of waste are produced every year and most waste is sent directly to landfills or burnt, which has severe and harmful impacts on the environment. Recycling waste materials is considered the most visible solution to protect the environment. Using scraps in concrete production is a proper method for getting rid of wastes, improving the characteristics of concrete, reducing the consumption of natural aggregates, and can be used as cementitious materials that decrease cement production so that the CO2 that is produced during cement manufacturing decreases. This review paper summarizes the use of recycled waste materials, including rubber tires, crushed glass, and crushed clay brick in concrete, as a fractional replacement of aggregates, cement, etc., to develop eco-friendly lightweight construction materials. It has been concluded that the dry density of sustainable concrete decreased to 4, 21.7, and 31.7% when crushed glass, clay brick, and rubber tire were incorporated into the concrete instead of traditional aggregate, respectively. Waste rubber has good results in sulfate, thermal, and impact resistance, while glass powder and finely crushed clay brick helped to improve mechanical properties by increasing reach by 33% for glass and a slight increase for crushed clay brick, as well as thermal resistance compared to normal concrete. Moreover, due to the low particle density of these waste materials compared to that of normal-weight aggregates, these materials can be utilized efficiently to produce lightweight concrete for structural and non-structural applications such as road engineering, flooring for mounting machinery, highway and rail crash barriers, permeable pavement, interlocking bricks, insulation, filling concrete, and bearing walls.

Background The nutritional status and growth of children with Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is influenced significantly by two factors; food selectivity behaviors due to their consumption of a limited variety of food and the high incidence of gastrointestinal (GIT) disorders. Aim This study aimed to assess the nutritional adequacy and growth pattern of ASD children aged three to twelve years compared to their healthy developing peers. Methods A national comparative, facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in eight Egyptian governorates on 285 Egyptian children diagnosed with ASD and 224 children who are their relatives as healthy developing peers. Anthropometric measurements were obtained, including weight, height, head circumference, and mid-upper arm circumference. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated and all numbers were plotted on WHO growth charts. Assessment of food preferences, and nutrient intake adequacy of children was done using the Food preference questionnaire, and the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) of Egyptian children. Results Calorie-dense food and sugar intake were higher among ASD children than their healthy developing peers. ASD children omit some important protein sources such as dairy (COR = 5.2, 95% CI:2.7–9.9), meat, and poultry (COR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.6–4.7), and a lower intake of fruits and vegetables than their healthy developing peers. For children with ASD in all age groups, a deficiency in the range of 50–60% was detected for vitamins (C, D, B6, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin) and minerals (iron). A deficiency in the range of 60–70% was detected for folate and calcium. A deficiency of vitamin C calcium and iron was also detected for both children with ASD and their healthy developing relatives aged 6 to 12 years. GIT disorders were common among ASD children compared to healthy developing peers (COR = 2.8 to 10.3). Children with ASD had four-fold higher odds of stunting (COR = 4.1, CI: 1.7–10.1), threefold higher odds of being overweight (COR = 3.3, CI: 1.48–7.32), and nearly eleven-fold higher odds of obesity (COR = 11.4, CI: 4.05–32.17) compared to their healthy developing peers. Conclusion ASD children are prone to overweight and protein malnutrition. Their intake of fruits and vegetables is inadequate and hence their intake of vitamins and minerals is insufficient, contributing to stunting.

Background To clinically compare the effect of the conventional and the digital workflows on the passive fit of a screw retained bar splinting two inter-foraminal implants. Methods The current study was designed to be a parallel triple blinded randomised clinical trial. Thirty six completely edentulous patients were selected and simply randomized into two groups; conventional group (CG) and digital group (DG). The participants, investigator and outcome assessor were blinded. In the group (CG), the bar was constructed following a conventional workflow in which an open top splinted impression and a lost wax casting technology were used. However, in group (DG), a digital workflow including a digital impression and a digital bar milling technology was adopted. Passive fit of each bar was then evaluated clinically by applying the screw resistance test using the “flag” technique in the passive and non passive situations. The screw resistance test parameter was also calculated. Unpaired t-test was used for intergroup comparison. P-value < 0.05 was the statistical significance level. The study protocol was reviewed by the Research Ethics Committee in the author’s university (Rec IM051811). Registration of the clinical trial was made on clinical trials.gov ID NCT05770011. An informed consent was obtained from all participants. Results Non statistically significant difference was denoted between both groups in all situations. In the passive situation, the mean ± standard deviation values were 1789.8° ± 20.7 and1786.1° ± 30.7 for the groups (CG) and (DG) respectively. In the non passive situation, they were 1572.8° ± 54.2 and 1609.2° ± 96.9. Regarding the screw resistance test parameter, they were 217° ± 55.3 and 176° ± 98.8. Conclusion Conventional and digital fabrication workflows had clinically comparable effect on the passive fit of screw retained bar attachments supported by two dental implants.