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There is an utmost requirement for technology to control a driver’s phone while driving, which will prevent the driver from being distracted and thus saving the driver’s and passenger’s lives. Information from recent studies has shown that 70% of the young and aware drivers are used to texting while driving. There are many different technologies used to control mobile phones while driving, including electronic device control, global positioning system (GPS), on-board diagnostics (OBD)-II-based devices, mobile phone applications or apps, etc. These devices acquire the vehicle information such as the car speed and use the information to control the driver’s phone such as preventing them from making or receiving calls at specific speed limits. The information from the devices is interfaced via Bluetooth and can later be used to control mobile phone applications. The main aim of this paper is to propose the design of a portable system for monitoring the use of a mobile phone while driving and for controlling a driver’s mobile phone, if necessary, when the vehicle reaches a specific speed limit (>10 km/h). A paper-based self-reported questionnaire survey was carried out among 600 teenage drivers from different nationalities to see the driving behavior of young drivers in Qatar. Finally, a mobile application was developed to monitor the mobile usage of a driver and an OBD-II module-based portable system was designed to acquire data from the vehicle to identify drivers’ behavior with respect to phone usage, sudden lane changes, and abrupt breaking/sharp speeding. This information was used in a mobile application to control the driver’s mobile usage as well as to report the driving behavior while driving. The application of such a system can significantly improve drivers’ behavior all over the world.

The pressing need for effective carbon dioxide capture solutions in the wake of climate change has catalyzed the exploration of innovative technologies and methodologies. This study investigates the utilization of Rotating Packed Bed systems to enhance the mass transfer coefficient for carbon dioxide absorption using various solvent types. Rotating Packed Bed offer a high-intensity, compact alternative to conventional packed columns, presenting an opportunity for significant advancements in carbon capture efficiency. By systematically analyzing different solvents within RPBs, this research evaluates their impact on mass transfer coefficient and the resultant carbon dioxide absorption efficacy. The findings underscore the potential of specific solvent- Rotating Packed Bed pairings to improve mass transfer rates, essential for achieving higher carbon dioxide loading and overall capture capacity. This work aligns with global climate action goals, promoting scalable solutions to meet the demands of the industry’s carbon mitigation strategies. Through a focus on both technological efficacy and practical implementation, this study provides critical insights for the adoption of Rotating Packed Bed technology, laying a foundation for its integration into industrial carbon capture systems.

With the continuous advances in mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs), the research community has responded to the challenges and constraints in the design of these networks by proposing efficient routing protocols that focus on particular performance metrics such as residual energy utilization, mobility, topology, scalability, localization, data collection routing, Quality of Service (QoS), etc. In addition, the introduction of mobility in WSN has brought new challenges for the routing, stability, security, and reliability of WSNs. Therefore, in this article, we present a comprehensive and meticulous investigation in the routing protocols and security challenges in the theory of MWSNs which was developed in recent years.

Drying is the process of moisture removal which is applied to many foodstuffs including fruits and vegetables for preservation and storage purposes. Since solar energy is one type of environmentally friendly renewable energy, open-type solar dryers, natural convective type solar dryers and greenhouse type solar dryers were designed and fabricated in this study for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. A comparative study among various solar drying methods was performed to study the drying performance by maintaining the quality and texture of the dried foodstuffs. Factors such as solar radiation, ambient temperature, moisture in the air, materials used for glazing, inclination, etc., were considered during the fabrication of the solar dryer so that a better estimate of the performance of the solar dryer could be obtained. The lowest drying rate was observed when convective drying was used as an indirect mode of heating. The maximum drying rate observed in open drying was 0.088 kg/kgh, whereas in convective drying under the same conditions, it was 0.03 kg/kgh, which was almost 65% less. This in turn also resulted in the dried samples displaying a better texture and better color. The shrinkage effect on the samples was less pronounced for those samples in the convective dryer than it was for those in the open and greenhouse dryers, as the method uses indirect drying. Comparing convective and greenhouse drying, more shrinkage and a greater browning effect were observed for the open drying method. Out of three types of solar dryers, the greenhouse dryer was selected to study thermal performance because of its better drying rate. DHT11 sensors controlled through Arduino programming were employed in this study to record the temperature and moisture at various locations in the greenhouse dryer setup. The range of energy efficiency of the greenhouse solar dryer was estimated to be from around 15% to 25% on average. This might be due to a greater extent of energy losses. No significant difference was observed in the energy efficiency with respect to the samples used for drying.

Objective: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of omalizumab in asthma in a real-life setting. Subjects and Methods: This 4-year observational study included 65 patients treated with omalizumab during clinic visits; treatment response was rated as excellent, good, and partial based on a modified physician’s Global Evaluation of Treatment Effectiveness (mGETE) scale of emergency room visits (ERV), hospitalization, use of oral corticosteroids, inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)/long-acting β-agonist (LABA) dose, and short-acting β-agonist rescue. The following tests were done: forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ) and the asthma control test (ACT). Measurements were performed 1 month before therapy and at 16 weeks, 1 year, and 4 years of treatment. Statistical analyses were done using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Spearman rank correlation, and McNemar χ 2 test. Results: The dropout rate was 15 (18.5%): 8 nonresponders (10.0%); 2 patients died (2.5%), and 5 were lost to follow-up (6.25%). Treatment response was excellent in 35 (53.8%); good in 23 (35.4%), and partial in 7 patients (10.8%). The number of excellent responders increased from 35 (53.8%) at 16 weeks to 48 (73.8%) at the 4-year follow-up. The number of patients who did not require ERV improved from 0 to 59 (90.8%), and the lowest rate of hospitalization was 1 in year 4 (p < 0.001); patients who did not require courses of oral corticosteroids improved from 0 to 54 (83%). ICS/LABA dose significantly reduced from 65 (100%) to 25 (38.5%) after 4 years of treatment (p < 0.001); ACT scores significantly increased from 15 ± 3 at baseline to 23 ± 3 (p < 0.001) and FEV 1 level from 55.6 ± 10.6 to 76.63 ± 10.34 at year 4. Conclusion: In this study, omalizumab therapy resulted in better asthma control, and was effective and well tolerated as an add-on therapy for patients with moderate-to-severe asthma.

Racial discrimination is one of the public problems that emerges in multicultural countries. The aim of the current research is to study racial discrimination in Doris Lessing's The Grass Is Singing and Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird. The process of analysis is confined to the analysis of the racial practices exercised by white people against black people in both novels. The research method is descriptive, analytical, and quantitative using a content analysis approach. The findings show that there is a similarity between the two established systems of racism: the system of racism in Africa, and the racial system in America. Some established rules and principles are to be respected in order to keep the white supremacy hegemonic. On the other hand, in The Grass Is Singing, Lessing portrays black people as criminals and rapists, who have to be punished for their crimes. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee describes black people as victims of crimes they have never committed. Moreover, the offensive racial words in To Kill a Mockingbird outnumber the offensive racial words in The Grass Is Singing. It can be said that the blacks are seen as victims of racial discrimination and racial stereotypes in both novels.

IntroductionThere is little published information on type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children in Yemen. We aimed to identify the clinical characteristics, biomarkers and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis of T1D among children and adolescents in a diabetes centre in Sana’a, Yemen.MethodsA total of 485 children and adolescents aged ≤18 years diagnosed with T1D during the period 2010–2020 were included in the study. The variables investigated were demographic and clinical characteristics, biomarkers, subtypes of T1D, and the risk factors for severe DKA at diagnosis.ResultsAt diagnosis, children aged <10 years compared with those aged ≥10 years had higher mean plasma glucose (p<0.001) and mean HbA1c (p=0.026), and lower mean C-peptide (pmol/L) (p=0.019), and a higher frequency of DKA at diagnosis than older children (p<0.001). A majority of the study population (383, 79%) presented in DKA . Children aged <10 years presenting with DKA had significantly longer median appraisal interval (p=0.009) and median total diagnosis interval (p=0.025), and significantly lower mean C-peptide (p=0.001) as compared with their peers without DKA. The prevalence of autoantibody-negative ‘idiopathic’ T1D was 36 (32%) of the total number tested for autoantibody and familial T1D 61 (12.6%) of all the study population.ConclusionIn Yemen children aged <10 years with new-onset T1D frequently faced the challenge of a delay in diagnosis and treatment initiation, with severe hyperglycaemia and a higher risk of DKA at diagnosis.

Aim To calculate a 30‐year incidence rates of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Sana'a city, Yemen during peace and wartimes. Methods A total of 461 patients aged between 8 months and 18 years with newly diagnosed diabetes were registered between 1989 and 2018. We used a standardized protocol for counting cases over time. The annual incidence rates (cases/100,000/year) were calculated from the number of new reported cases for each year divided by the estimated number of person‐years “at risk” resident in Sana'a city, Yemen according to age and sex of the participants of that year. Results The mean annual incidence rate of T1D in children aged 0–14 years was 1.83/100,000/year. With the use of 3‐year time‐periods, the mean annual incidence rate was (5/100,000/year) in the first time‐period, fluctuated between 1.2 and 2.3 during subsequent seven time‐periods, and declined to (0.5/100,000/year) during the conflict years. The age‐specific mean annual incidence rates for age‐groups 0–4, 5–9, 10–14, and 15–18 years were 0.83, 1.82, 3.14, and 2.31/100,000/year, respectively. Conclusion The mean annual incidence rate of T1D in children and adolescents over the observation period in Sana'a city was low. In children aged 0–14 years in particular, the incidence declined to a very low rate during wartime. Interpretation is partly limited by lack of recent census data, and the possibility of death from nondiagnosis at onset.

ObjectiveTo identify clinical phenotypes of type 2 diabetes (T2D) among adults presenting with a first diagnosis of diabetes.Research design and methodsA total of 500 consecutive patients were subject to clinical assessment and laboratory investigations. We used data-driven cluster analysis to identify phenotypes of T2D based on clinical variables and Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA2) of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function estimated from paired fasting blood glucose and specific insulin levels.ResultsThe cluster analysis identified three statistically different clusters: cluster 1 (high insulin resistance and high beta-cell function group), which included patients with low insulin sensitivity and high beta-cell function; cluster 2 (low insulin resistance and low beta-cell function group), which included patients with high insulin sensitivity but very low beta-cell function; and cluster 3 (high insulin resistance and low beta-cell function group), which included patients with low insulin sensitivity and low beta-cell function. Insulin sensitivity, defined as median HOMA2-S, was progressively increasing from cluster 1 (35.4) to cluster 3 (40.9), to cluster 2 (76) (p<0.001). On the contrary, beta-cell function, defined as median HOMA2-β, was progressively declining from cluster 1 (78.3) to cluster 3 (30), to cluster 2 (22.3) (p<0.001). Clinical and biomarker variables associated with insulin resistance like obesity, abdominal adiposity, fatty liver, and high serum triglycerides were mainly seen in clusters 1 and 3. The highest median hemoglobin A1c value was noted in cluster 2 (88 mmol/mol) and the lowest in cluster 1.ConclusionCluster analysis of newly diagnosed T2D in adults has identified three phenotypes based on clinical variables central to the development of diabetes and on specific clinical variables of each phenotype.

'An international language belongs to its users, not to the countries whose national languages have become internationalized' (Edge 1992). With an ever increasing number of L2 users it is time we rewrote the description of the place of English among world languages. All types of interactions, more particularly between nations, are through English, for a reason no other than the fact that it is the only language in which non native users can possibly communicate. It is the language of science, technology and business apart from being significant in political or diplomatic dialogues. English Language has come to be owned by all people in the world of work. Saudi Arabia is no exception. Almost a hundred years on Saudi schools, colleges and universities teach English with primary and genuine concern. Still, just like non-native learners in other non-English speaking countries, Saudi learners also confront many problems in their English Language acquisition. This study is a humble effort to bring out the major barriers and problems that Saudi students face while learning English; it proposes remedial measures for the said barriers and problems. In this study, the researcher has tried to focus on the teaching methodologies and learning atmosphere prevalent in Saudi English classrooms. Index Terms--pedagogy, English Language Teaching, L2, EFL, Communicative Approach to Language Teaching (CALT), globalisation, information and communication technology, curriculum