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Venlafaxine overdose can lead to cardiovascular collapse that is difficult to resuscitate with traditional Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support protocols. Evidence has suggested that lipid emulsion infusion therapy has been successful in the treatment of antidepressant overdose. No studies have determined the optimal combination of lipid/advanced cardiovascular life support therapy for treatment. This study was a prospective, experimental, between subjects design with a swine model investigating the effectiveness of drug combinations administered with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) postvenlafexine overdose. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of eight groups containing seven subjects. The groups tested were CPR only and CPR with epinephrine alone; vasopressin alone; lipid alone; epinephrine and vasopressin; epinephrine and lipid; vasopressin and lipid; and epinephrine, vasopressin, and lipid. The outcomes of interest were survival odds and time to return of spontaneous circulation. Results on these swine models indicate that the use of vasopressin coupled with lipids for venlafaxine overdose resulted in a higher survival rate when compared to the control group (p = 0.023). Groups receiving vasopressin experienced statistically faster times to return of spontaneous circulation than other groups (p = 0.019). The results suggest that in swine models, the optimal treatment for venlafaxine overdose would include vasopressin with lipids.

The post-war institutions such as the UN, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were all structured to ensure that America's position and agenda prevailed. The US has, for example, used the IMF to advance its political agenda in Indonesia (with terrible consequences to the people of that hapless country) and continues to block IMF assistance for Iran and other countries. It is quick to label countries it opposes as rogues and renegades while ignoring abuses at home and in countries where it has some special interest - witness for example, the long collaboration with Vladimiro Montesinos of Peru, now on the run from Peruvian justice. Now it is showing its temper because it failed to win election to the Human Rights Commission and has promised to bully (or buy where appropriate) its way back in. But people - the Europeans, the Africans, the Asians, the Latin Americans - are just tired of all the sermonising, the bullying, the disrespect, the unilateral sanctions, the double standards, the hypocrisy, and have decided that enough is enough.

I am writing in response to Lora Grindlay's recent story about Ian McMurray of Powell River, as my 75-year-old grandfather also had kidney failure.

The interaction of sperm with the egg＇s extracellular matrix, the zona pellucida （ZP） is the first step of the union between male and female gametes. The molecular mechanisms of this process have been studied for the past six decades with the results obtained being both interesting and confusing. In this article, we describe our recent work, which attempts to address two lines of questions from previous studies. First, because there are numerous ZP binding proteins reported byvarious researchers, how do these proteins act together in sperm-ZP interaction？ Second, why do a number of acrosomal proteins have ZP affinity？ Are they involved mainly in the initial sperm-ZP binding or rather in anchoring acrosome reacting/reacted spermatozoa to the ZP？ Our studies reveal that a number of ZP binding proteins and chaperones, extracted from the anterior sperm head plasma membrane, coexist as high molecular weight （HMW） complexes, and that these complexes in capacitated spermatozoa have preferential ability to bind to the ZP. Zonadhesin （ZAN）, known as an acrosomal protein with ZP affinity, is one of these proteins in the HMW complexes. Immunoprecipitation indicates that ZAN interacts with other acrosomal proteins, proacrosin/acrosin and sp32 （ACRBP）, also present in the HMW complexes. Immunodetection of ZAN and proacrosin/acrosin on spermatozoa further indicates that both proteins traffic to the sperm head surface during capacitation where the sperm acrosomal matrix is still intact, and therefore they are likely involved in the initial sperm-ZP binding step.

Forest ecosystems provide important ecological services and resources, from habitat for biodiversity to the production of environmentally friendly products, and play a key role in the global carbon cycle. Humanity is counting on forests to sequester and store a substantial portion of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide produced globally. However, the unprecedented rate of climate change, deforestation, and accidental importation of invasive insects and diseases are threatening the health and productivity of forests, and their capacity to provide these services. Knowledge of genetic diversity, local adaptation, and genetic control of key traits is required to predict the adaptive capacity of tree populations, inform forest management and conservation decisions, and improve breeding for productive trees that will withstand the challenges of the 21st century. Genomic approaches have well accelerated the generation of knowledge of the genetic and evolutionary underpinnings of nonmodel tree species, and advanced their applications to address these challenges. This special issue of Evolutionary Applications features 14 papers that demonstrate the value of a wide range of genomic approaches that can be used to better understand the biology of forest trees, including species that are widespread and managed for timber production, and others that are threatened or endangered, or serve important ecological roles. We highlight some of the major advances, ranging from understanding the evolution of genomes since the period when gymnosperms separated from angiosperms 300 million years ago to using genomic selection to accelerate breeding for tree health and productivity. We also discuss some of the challenges and future directions for applying genomic tools to address long‐standing questions about forest trees.

When confronted with an adaptive challenge, such as extreme temperature, closely related species frequently evolve similar phenotypes using the same genes. Although such repeated evolution is thought to be less likely in highly polygenic traits and distantly related species, this has not been tested at the genome scale. We performed a population genomic study of convergent local adaptation among two distantly related species, lodgepole pine and interior spruce. We identified a suite of 47 genes, enriched for duplicated genes, with variants associated with spatial variation in temperature or cold hardiness in both species, providing evidence of convergent local adaptation despite 140 million years of separate evolution. These results show that adaptation to climate can be genetically constrained, with certain key genes playing nonredundant roles.

Species distribution models predict a wholesale redistribution of trees in the next century, yet migratory responses necessary to spatially track climates far exceed maximum post‐glacial rates. The extent to which populations will adapt will depend upon phenotypic variation, strength of selection, fecundity, interspecific competition, and biotic interactions. Populations of temperate and boreal trees show moderate to strong clines in phenology and growth along temperature gradients, indicating substantial local adaptation. Traits involved in local adaptation appear to be the product of small effects of many genes, and the resulting genotypic redundancy combined with high fecundity may facilitate rapid local adaptation despite high gene flow. Gene flow with preadapted alleles from warmer climates may promote adaptation and migration at the leading edge, while populations at the rear will likely face extirpation. Widespread species with large populations and high fecundity are likely to persist and adapt, but will likely suffer adaptational lag for a few generations. As all tree species will be suffering lags, interspecific competition may weaken, facilitating persistence under suboptimal conditions. Species with small populations, fragmented ranges, low fecundity, or suffering declines due to introduced insects or diseases should be candidates for facilitated migration.

Genecological studies in widespread tree species have revealed steep genetic clines along environmental gradients for climate-related traits. In a changing climate, the ecological and economic importance of conifers necessitates an appraisal of how molecular genetic variation shapes quantitative trait variation, and one of the most promising approaches to answer this question is association mapping. We phenotyped a wide collection of 410 individuals of the widely distributed conifer Sitka spruce rangewide (Picea sitchensis) for budset timing and autumn cold hardiness, and genotyped these individuals for a panel of 768 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) representing > 200 expressed nuclear genes. After correcting for population structure, associations were detected in 28 of the candidate genes, which cumulatively explained 28 and 34% of the phenotypic variance in cold hardiness and budset, respectively. Most notable among the associations were five genes putatively involved in light signal transduction, the key pathway regulating autumn growth cessation in perennials. Many SNPs with phenotypic associations were also correlated with at least one climate variable. This study represents a significant step toward the goal of characterizing the genomic basis of adaptation to local climate in conifers, and provides an important resource for breeding and conservation genetics in a changing climate.

As species face rapid environmental change, we can build resilient populations through restoration projects that incorporate predicted future climates into seed sourcing decisions. Eucalyptus melliodora is a foundation species of a critically endangered community in Australia that is a target for restoration. We examined genomic and phenotypic variation to make empirical based recommendations for seed sourcing. We examined isolation by distance and isolation by environment, determining high levels of gene flow extending for 500 km and correlations with climate and soil variables. Growth experiments revealed extensive phenotypic variation both within and among sampling sites, but no site-specific differentiation in phenotypic plasticity. Model predictions suggest that seed can be sourced broadly across the landscape, providing ample diversity for adaptation to environmental change. Application of our landscape genomic model to E. melliodora restoration projects can identify genomic variation suitable for predicted future climates, thereby increasing the long term probability of successful restoration. Yellow box, or Eucalyptus melliodora, is an emblematic Australian tree that is essential to many native ecosystems. Some of these environments are now critically endangered, and replanting yellow box trees is one of the first steps to try to restore them. However, it can be difficult for reforestation practitioners to decide where to collect the seeds they will use to replant an area. They have to select seeds that carry the genetic information that gives the trees the best chances of surviving now and in the future. This is a complex task because climate change creates fast-changing environments. Here, Supple et al. collect genetic material from 275 E. melliodora trees at 36 different sites. Genetic analyses show that the yellow box trees from these sites exchange their genetic material and do not form isolated populations. This means that the seeds do not need to be sourced from near the reforestation site, but can be collected from areas much further away. This results in higher quality seeds for reforestation because seeds from more sites will include more genetic diversity. Supple et al. then use information about the local climate, such as temperature and rain levels, at the sites where the samples were gathered to create a model that describes the relationship between genetic, geographical, and environmental factors. This helps identify which sites produce the seeds that will grow best under particular conditions. In addition, the seedlings from these sites are grown in the laboratory to see how well they fare in different types of environments. It therefore becomes possible to match a reforestation site with the seeds that will thrive in the future climate of the area. Sharing this knowledge with conservationists will help to guide their replanting strategies for E. melliodora. The method can also be applied to other plant species and restoration projects, so it could ultimately shape resilient ecosystems that can cope with climate change.

Of note, many childhood cancer survivors underwent multiple major surgical procedures; 6517 (25·4%) of the patient cohort required two or more procedures during the study period. Because of the heterogeneous nature of the cohort, the limited initial treatment information provided, and the self-reported nature of the surgery data, the clinical applicability of this study is also restricted; although we now have a better understanding of the magnitude of the risk, the ability to predict or prevent the need for surgical intervention is unchanged. [...]the authors found that female survivors were considerably more likely to undergo late surgical interventions than male survivors (adjusted rate ratio 1·4, 95% CI 1·4–1·5).