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Multi-Attribute Task Battery (MATB) is a software that has been arguably utilized in many ergonomics/human factors studies, including in the topic of mental workload. However, the use of this well-known program in diverse investigations has not yet been systematically tracked. Furthermore, it may be argued that a critical appraisal of MATB is urgently needed so that future researchers and users can take several crucial factors into account when planning a study or experiment using MATB. The aim of this paper is to comprehensively identify and review the use of MATB software in published studies. This aim might be accomplished by achieving two goals: (1) systematic discovery of published papers in literature databases and (2) categorization of research according to pertinent topics. In this paper, thirty-one articles were included for analysis after carefully screening for their eligibility. Our scoping review finds that MATB is a beneficial program for creating multitasking environments in general, with aviation being the area where it has been used the most. The program was also extensively used for studies on mental workload, especially by producing various stimuli that ultimately result in varying degrees of task demand or difficulty. Moreover, to successfully use MATB, researchers must be aware of a few operational issues and criticisms.

Learning style becomes a familiar theory for many English language teachers. With the hypothesis of matching instructions and learning styles resulting in effective learning, many of the English language teachers apply the learning style theory within their teaching practices. However, recent studies found that learning style is a myth since there were flaws that appeared in the learning style instruments and hypothesis. This study presents in-depth discussions about the pros and cons of learning styles. Detailed descriptions about the implication for English language teachers entailed at the end of the discussions. This study concluded that English language teachers may focus on (1) assessing students’ background knowledge and interests, (2) identifying students’ lacks and necessities, (3) provide more engaged teaching media and learning materials, (4) boosting students’ autonomy rather than merely getting involved in the raging debates of learning style.

This study aims to investigate the effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on cognitive work performance using a more natural approach. To achieve the objective of this study, a natural experimental approach was employed by incorporating a pretest-posttest control group design. A forward-type Digit Span Test (DST) was utilized as the measure of the cognitive work performance and was administered to participants twice, before and during Ramadan, with one-month gap between the tests. Two hundred and sixty-seven participants were naturally grouped into fasting and non-fasting groups according to their report during Ramadan session and into morning and afternoon periods, or AM and PM hours, according to their module scheduling. The results of the analyses suggest that the cognitive work performance of the fasting participants during the PM hours is better, after controlling the DST scores before Ramadan. The study also concludes that the cognitive work performance of the fasting participants between AM and PM hours does not differ. This result could be explained using the perspectives of post-lunch performance dip and the beneficial effect of breakfast. Methodological limitations and potential practical implementation of this study are also discussed.

Little research has focused on the economic hardship among the insured with severe illnesses and high treatment costs, in particular, the consequence of poorer insurance coverage for high-cost illnesses. Therefore, we presented the case for identifying the experiences of insured patients with severe chronic and acute illnesses. This study identified a qualitative understanding of the economic impact of severe chronic and acute illnesses and household strategies to deal with high treatment costs. Interviews were conducted with 19 insured households of three different health insurance programs with a family member that had been hospitalized for severe chronic or acute illnesses in either Banyumas or Margono Sukarjo hospitals in Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia. A thematic analysis was applied to guide the interpretation of the data. Insured households with a family member that had been hospitalized for severe chronic and acute illnesses were greatly affected by the high treatment costs. Four major issues emerged from this qualitative study: insured patients are still burdened with high out-of-pocket payments, households adopt various strategies to cope with the high cost of treatments, households experience financial hardships, and positive and negative perceptions of the insured regarding their health insurance coverage for acute and chronic illnesses. Askes and Jamsostek patients faced financial burdens from high cost sharing for hospital amenities, non-covered drugs, and treatments and other indirect costs. Meanwhile, Jamkesmas beneficiaries faced no financial burden for related medical services but were rather burdened with indirect costs for the carers. Households relied on internal resources to cover hospital bills as the first strategy, which included the mobilization of savings, sale of assets, and borrowing of money. External support was tapped secondarily and included financial support from extended family members, donations from neighbors and the community, and additional benefits from employers. However, insured households overall had positive perceptions of insurance.

Climatic and weather factors become important determinants of vector-borne diseases transmission like malaria. This study aimed to prove relationships between weather factors with considering human migration and previous case findings and malaria cases in endemic areas in Purworejo during 2005-2014. This study employed ecological time series analysis by using monthly data. The independent variables were the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, maximum humidity, minimum humidity, precipitation, human migration, and previous malaria cases, while the dependent variable was positive malaria cases. Three models of count data regression analysis i.e. Poisson model, quasi-Poisson model, and negative binomial model were applied to measure the relationship. The least Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) value was also performed to find the best model. Negative binomial regression analysis was considered as the best model. The model showed that humidity (lag 2), precipitation (lag 3), precipitation (lag 12), migration (lag1) and previous malaria cases (lag 12) had a significant relationship with malaria cases. Weather, migration and previous malaria cases factors need to be considered as prominent indicators for the increase of malaria case projection.

We used panel data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey to investigate the impact of health insurance programs on reducing out-of-pocket expenditures. We employed three linear panel data models, two of which accounted for endogeneity: pooled ordinary least squares (OLS), pooled two-stage least squares (2SLS) for instrumental variable (IV), and fixed effects (FE). The study revealed that two health insurance programs had a significantly negative impact on out-of-pocket expenditures by using IV estimates. In the IV model, Askeskin decreased out-of-pocket expenditures by 34% and Askes by 55% compared with non-Askeskin and non-Askes, respectively, while Jamsostek was found to bear a nonsignificant effect on out-of-pocket expenditures. In the FE model, only Askeskin had a significant negative effect with an 11% reduction on out-of-pocket expenditures. This study showed that two large existing health insurance programs in Indonesia, Askeskin and Askes, effectively reduced household out-of-pocket expenditures. The ability of programs to offer financial protection by reducing out-of-pocket expenditures is likely to be a direct function of their benefits package and co-payment policies.

This study aims to investigate the effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on cognitive work performance using a more natural approach. To achieve the objective of this study, a natural experimental approach was employed by incorporating a pretest-posttest control group design. A forward-type Digit Span Test (DST) was utilized as the measure of the cognitive work performance and was administered to participants twice, before and during Ramadan, with one-month gap between the tests. Two hundred and sixty-seven participants were naturally grouped into fasting and non-fasting groups according to their report during Ramadan session and into morning and afternoon periods, or AM and PM hours, according to their module scheduling. The results of the analyses suggest that the cognitive work performance of the fasting participants during the PM hours is better, after controlling the DST scores before Ramadan. The study also concludes that the cognitive work performance of the fasting participants between AM and PM hours does not differ. This result could be explained using the perspectives of post-lunch performance dip and the beneficial effect of breakfast. Methodological limitations and potential practical implementation of this study are also discussed.

In the absence of vaccines and specific drugs, prevention effort has been attributed as the primary control mechanism of COVID-19. Knowledge, attitude, and practice are used to determine the current situation and formulate appropriate control interventions as well as risk communication. This study, therefore, aims to assess knowledge, attitude, practice and information needs about COVID-19 in Indonesian society. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey in the third week of August 2020. Purposive and random sampling was used to select the respondents. People with a minimum age of 18 years and residing in Indonesia were allowed to participate in this study. The survey was conducted with an online questionnaire that spread on several platforms such as WhatsApp, Instagram and Facebook by distributing the link and continuous chain messages on that platform. Data were analysed using descriptive, chi-square and logistic regression test. A total of 816 respondents were included in this study. In general, public knowledge about COVID-19 was sufficient, but some topic areas were still low. Most people had a positive attitude about the COVID-19, but they provided a negative response to government policies. Most of the community has taken preventive measures for COVID-19. However, some behaviours received a low percentage. Information about how to prevent COVID-19 was the most wanted information during this pandemic. Social media was a favourite source of information, with the most popular type of visualisation was a table containing numbers. Age and education were significantly associated with knowledge. Some attitudes were affected by age and occupation scope. Gender and health insurance ownership significantly associated with preventive measures. This research highlights the importance of providing valid, effective, efficient, and continuous information to the public through appropriate channels to increase understanding about COVID-19 precautions.

Flying is a safety critical activity in which the ability of the pilot to synthesise multiple sources of information, make decisions and produce appropriate control inputs is critical. Consequently, understanding and managing pilots’ mental workload (MWL) is critical to flying safely and in the design of flight-decks and procedures. Investigation of objective ways to measure MWL is necessary as recent advances in sensing technology offer new opportunities to develop assessment methods that are less intrusive than existing techniques. For example, physiological methods are emerging as options for MWL assessment as they can provide in-situmeasurement. These methods have potential advantages in terms of being relatively less intrusive than traditional methods, offering benefits for real workplace settings, including in the cockpit. The research presented in this thesis focuses on the exploration of MWL measurement during a simulated flying task through the investigation of factors influencing MWL during flight and the utility of using more objective methods for evaluating it.Four studies were conducted. First, acceptance of real-time mental workload monitoring was explored among pilots and passengers using a combination of interviews, surveys and online methods. A Critical Decision Method (CDM) interview was then applied to professional pilots to understand the factors that influence pilots’ experiences of high mental workload during a flight. Two connected experiments were undertaken to test the utility of physiological sensors for detecting changes in mental workload during a simulated flying task. Finally, an online experiment was undertaken to evaluate vicarious estimation of workload by human observers based on videos of task performance.This combination of studies contributes to the understanding of physiological measurements of MWL during a simulated flying task. Firstly, this thesis provides insights about professionals’ and public attitude towards MWL sensors technology in the future. Secondly, this thesis offers further understanding of what makes pilots experience high mental workload during landing, and it can be used as the basis for the development of a simulated flying task. Thirdly, this thesis contributes to supporting the spatial resolution of the fNIRS. More specifically, the thesis suggests that the left-side of the prefrontal cortex was activated in response to MWL changes during the simulated flying task. The notion that heart rate measures and pupil dilation can indicate MWL changes were also supported by this study. Finally, this thesis offers an initial understanding that MWL during a simulated flying task cannot be accurately predicted before the task, unless the contrasting elements of the task can be shown.

Our study examines the incidence and intensity of catastrophic and impoverishing health spending in Indonesia. A panel data set was used from 4 waves of the Indonesian Family Life Surveys 1993, 1997, 2000, and 2007. Catastrophic health expenditure was measured by calculating the ratio of out-of-pocket payments to household income. Then, we calculated poverty indicators as a measure of impoverishing spending in the health care financing system. Head count, overshoot, and mean positive overshoot for each given threshold in 2000 were lower than other surveyed periods; otherwise, fraction headcount in 2007 of households were the higher. Between 1993 and 2007, the percentage of households in poverty decreased, both in gross and net of health payments. However, in each year, the percentages of households in poverty using net health payments were higher than the gross. The estimates of poverty gap, normalized poverty gap, and normalized mean positive gap decreased across the survey periods. The health care financing system performance has shown positive evidence for financial protection offerings. A sound relationship between improvements of health care financing performance and the existing health reform demonstrated a mutual reinforcement, which should be maintained to promote equity and fairness in health care financing in Indonesia.