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In this work, an eco-friendly method was used to synthesize cerium–bismuth oxide nanostructures as a binary oxide nanocomposite. For this purpose, L -alanine was utilized as a novel and green fuel to produce a nanostructured Bi 2 O 3 –CeO 2 sample. The prepared porous CeO 2 –Bi 2 O 3 NPs and ionic liquid were used to develop a new sensor (Pr–CeO 2 –Bi 2 O 3 /IL/CPE) for detecting Chlorpromazine (CLP). The study showed that the present electrode has good electrochemical performance for CLP detection under a diffusion-controlled procedure. The chronoamperometric method was utilized to calculate the diffusion coefficient (D) of CLP, which was found to be 1.47 × 10 –5 cm 2 s − 1 . The DPV technique was employed to establish the calibration curve, demonstrating a linear range of 0.02–140 µM and achieving a detection limit (LOD) of 9 nM. The prepared sensor also showed suitable repeatability and reproducibility. The practical applicability of Pr–CeO 2 –Bi 2 O 3 /IL/CPE for detecting CLP in various real samples showed good sensitivity and selectivity.

In this experimental work, silver tungstate nanostructures were fabricated by a simple combustion synthesis method utilizing sucrose molecules as a new environmentally friendly fuel and structure-controlling agent. Subsequently, a carbon paste electrode (CPE) was modified with the Ag 2 WO₄ nanocomposite and an ionic liquid (IL) to exploit the synergistic effects of both materials, yielding a cost-effective and highly efficient platform for the electrochemical detection of Vortioxetine (VRT). The Ag 2 WO₄/IL-modified CPE exhibited markedly enhanced electrochemical activity compared to the bare electrode, as evidenced by the increased oxidation currents and reduced charge-transfer resistance observed in cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. The sensor demonstrated excellent linearity across a wide concentration range (0.03–60 µM) under optimized conditions, with a detection limit of 0.01 µM, indicating high sensitivity in adsorptive differential pulse voltammetry (AdsDPV) measurements. Additionally, the platform displayed excellent selectivity, stability, and reproducibility, with recovery values between 97.0 and 103.3% and relative standard deviation (RSD) values from 2.1 to 3.6%. The findings affirm the potential of the Ag 2 WO₄/IL/CPE sensor for precise quantification of VRT in biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulations. This work presents a promising electrochemical sensing strategy with potential extensions to other neuroactive drugs in clinical diagnostics.

In this study, chitosan/alginate nanoparticles are prospected as a carrier for controlled release of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). The rhBMP-2-loaded chitosan/alginate nanoparticles (Cs/Alg/B NPs) were prepared using the ionic gelation (IG) method. The current research was conducted to optimize the effective factors for entrapping rhBMP-2 in Cs/Alg NPs using response surface methodology (RSM) and the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The variables were the Cs/Alg molecular weight (Mw) ratios (1-3), pH (4.8-5.5), stirring rates (900-1300 rpm) and the responses included size, ζ-potential, polydispersity index (PDI), loading efficacy (LE), cumulative release (CR), and morphological degradation time (MDE). Then, the morphological properties of optimum formulation were studied for post-characterization. In the next step, the MTT assay for the optimized run was done for 24 and 48 hours. The results revealed that the optimum conditions for the mentioned variables were stirring rate=1100 rpm, pH=5.15, and Cs/Alg Mw ratio=1.75 based on numerical optimization. It was shown that the average particle size and loading efficacy at optimum conditions were 253 nm and 67%, respectively. Other responses were as follows: CR=66%, ζ-potential=+35mV, PDI=0.5, and MDT=7 days. The results have suggested that the statistical optimization of rhBMP-2 offers the possibility of preparing Cs/Alg/B NPs with a favorable size, controlled release characteristics, and high loading efficiency. It is expected that the acquired optimum conditions will be useful for efficient rhBMP-2 delivery.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are known as carriers with high loading capacity and large functionalizable surface area for target-directed delivery. In this study, a series of docetaxel-loaded folic acid- or methionine-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DTX/MSN-FA or DTX/MSN-Met) with large pores and amine groups at inner pore surface properties were prepared. The results showed that the MSNs were successfully synthesized, having good pay load and pH-sensitive drug release kinetics. The cellular investigation on MCF-7 cells showed better performance of cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis and an increase in cellular uptake of targeted nanoparticles. In vivo fluorescent imaging on healthy BALB/c mice proved that bare MSN-NH are mostly accumulated in the liver but MSN-FA or MSN-Met are more concentrated in the kidney. Importantly, ex vivo fluorescent images of tumor-induced BALB/c mice organs revealed the ability of MSN-FA to reach the tumor tissues. In conclusion, DTX/MSNs exhibited a good anticancer activity and enhanced the possibility of targeted drug delivery for breast cancer.

Background Strongyle nematodes pose a major challenge in veterinary parasitology, causing significant economic losses in livestock due to resistance to conventional treatments. Current anthelmintics, like Ivermectin, often encounter resistance issues. This study aims to address these gaps by synthesizing Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) and Copper-Doped CQDs (Cu@CQDs) using glucose extract, and evaluating their nematicidal properties against strongyles in vitro. We assessed the nematicidal effects of CQDs and Cu@CQDs through larval feeding inhibition of first-stage larvae (L1), egg hatch inhibition (EHI), and the mobility and mortality of infectious larvae (L3s). Additionally, we conducted ultrastructural examinations of eggs and larvae and evaluated oxidative/nitrosative stress indicators, including total antioxidant status (TAS), protein carbonylation (PCO), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and oxidative DNA damage in homogenized samples of L3s. Results The synthesized CQDs displayed semi-spherical morphology with diameters under 30 nm. Cu@CQDs at 12.5 µg/ml achieved over 90% EHI and larval motility inhibition. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed over 90% larval feeding inhibition at the same concentration. Both CQDs and Cu@CQDs induced oxidative stress, indicated by decreased TAS and increased MDA, PCO, and oxidative DNA damage. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed that CQDs and Cu@CQDs penetrated the larvae cuticle, altered the tegument, caused larval mortality, and resulted in egg deformities. Conclusions Given the potential for resistance to Ivermectin, seeking suitable alternatives is essential. Cu@CQDs exhibit effects similar to Ivermectin, indicating their potential as novel antiparasitic agents against strongyles. These findings emphasize the importance of exploring alternative treatments to address resistance and enhance nematode control efficacy. Graphical Abstract Highlights Glucose was used to synthesize carbon quantum dots. Carbon dots revealed anthelmintic activity. Mechanism of anthelmintic activity of carbon dots was demosntated. Carbon dots were nontoxic on the L929 fibroblast cell line.

Quantum dots (QDs) are defined as artificially engineered semiconductor particles, typically no larger than 10 nm. Their diminutive size results in optical and electronic characteristics that are distinct from those of bulk materials. Most QDs can emit light at specific wavelengths when stimulated by light or electrical energy. Research indicates that the electronic properties of QDs are influenced by their size and shape, allowing for the control of emission wavelengths through size adjustments. Furthermore, QDs exhibit unique structural, electrochemical, and photochemical attributes, positioning them as promising candidates for applications in electrochemical biosensors, the diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, and electrophysiology. They have the potential to significantly improve the analytical capabilities of biosensors by enhancing parameters such as detection limits, sensitivity, and selectivity. Their high functionalization capacity with biological receptors also facilitates further development. The aim of this review is to summarize the basic principles and techniques of QD synthesis, as well as to explore their applications in electrochemical biosensors, GI disease diagnosis, and electrophysiology. Consequently, we seek to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of QDs in the development of electrochemical biosensors for biomolecule detection, GI disease diagnosis, and electrophysiological studies. Quantum dots (QDs) typically refer to extremely small semiconductor particles, often no larger than 10 nm. The development of efficient biosensors for the sensitive and selective detection of biomolecules is essential for fundamental research in analytical chemistry, biomedicine, clinical diagnosis, and electrophysiology. Due to their unique and superior optical and electronic properties, such as high brightness, good photostability, broad absorption spectrum, large Stokes shift, versatile surface modification, and distinct photoelectrochemical activity, QDs have emerged as promising materials for electrochemical biosensing, gastrointestinal disease diagnosis, and electrophysiology. A review of QD applications in these three areas highlights the need for further investigation into their fundamental principles and applications.

Vitamin and mineral levels in sheep and goat herds experiencing abortions in East Azerbaijan, northwest Iran, were studied. Between November 2023 and February 2024, 373 blood samples and 62 samples from aborted fetuses in various cities were collected. To find out whether a lack of selenium and copper in mothers led to heart and brain problems in their fetuses. Sheep and goats were mainly raised in a semi-intensive system, grazing from spring to mid-autumn and keeping indoors during winter. Sheep and goat flocks were categorized by size: small (1–100 sheep), medium (101–300 sheep), and large (over 300 sheep). The data show significant deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals, affecting animal health and reproduction. A notable lack of vitamin A was observed in Bostan Abad. Widespread vitamin D deficiency was noted, especially severe in Jolfa, suggesting diet inadequacies despite enough sunlight. A slight deficiency of vitamin E was found, alleviated through farmers’ supplements helped some. Calcium and phosphorus deficiencies, particularly calcium, were also major concerns. Copper and zinc shortages were common across different cities. Aborted fetuses from copper-deficient mothers showed brain tissue damage, like Wallerian degeneration and neuronal necrosis. Severe iodine deficiency was observed in Marand and Khoda Afarin, risking thyroid and reproductive health and function. More than 87% of samples revealed significant selenium deficiency, indicating a need for supplementation. Pathological studies showed heart tissue damage in aborted fetuses from selenium-deficient mothers, including fragmentation, calcification, and necrosis. These results highlight the need for proper nutritional interventions and regular monitoring of vitamin and mineral levels to fix deficiencies. Proper nutrition in mothers is crucial for lowering abortion risks and fetal developmental issues. Our data highly recommend dietary changes and balanced vitamin and mineral supplements in the studied province, considering local factors such as soil quality, pasture, and crop residues.

The objective of this study was to compare the oil extraction yield and essential oil composition of Indian and Iranian L. extracted by using Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) and solvent extraction methods. In this study, a gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrophotometer detector was employed for qualitative analysis of the essential oil composition of Indian and Iranian L. The results indicated that the main fatty acid composition identified in the essential oils extracted by using SFE and solvent extraction were linoleic acid (22.4%-61.85%) and oleic acid (1.64%-18.97%). Thymoquinone (0.72%-21.03%) was found to be the major volatile compound in the extracted oil. It was observed that the oil extraction efficiency obtained from SFE was significantly ( <0.05) higher than that achieved by the solvent extraction technique. The present study showed that SFE can be used as a more efficient technique for extraction of L. essential oil, which is composed of higher linoleic acid and thymoquinone contents compared to the essential oil obtained by the solvent extraction technique.

This study designed an electrochemical sensor to determine naproxen (NPX) via modification of a carbon paste electrode (CPE) with the FeNi 3 /CuS/BiOCl nanocomposite. Therefore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses characterizes the morphology and chemical compositions of FeNi 3 /CuS/BiOCl as a novel nanocomposite. In addition, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) have been used to analyze the electro-analytical function of FeNi 3 /CuS/BiOCl/CPE toward oxidizing the NPX. According to the findings, our sensor had reasonable potent of sensing NPX with a linear range of 0.2–500.0 µM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.06 µM. Finally, functional utility of our new modified electrode has been utilized to analyze the NPX in the urine, NPX tablet and water samples with acceptable recovery.

Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based treatment strategy has shown promise in bolstering the healing process of chronic wounds in diabetic patients, who are at risk of amputation and mortality. To overcome the drawbacks of suboptimal cell retention and diminished cell viability at the injury site, a novel nanofibrous biomaterial-based scaffold was developed by using a controlled extrusion of a polymeric solution to deliver the cells (human adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) and placenta-derived MSCs (PLMSCs)) locally to the animal model of diabetic ulcers. Methods The physicochemical and biological properties of the nano-bioscaffold were characterized in terms of microscopic images, FTIR spectroscopy, tensile testing, degradation and swelling tests, contact angle measurements, MTT assay, and cell attachment evaluation. To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy, a study using an excisional wound model was conducted on diabetic rats. Results The SEM and AFM images of scaffolds revealed a network of uniform nanofibers with narrow diameters between 100-130 nm and surface roughness less than 5 nm, respectively. ADMSCs and PLMSCs had a typical spindle-shaped or fibroblast-like morphology when attached to the scaffold. Desired characteristics in terms of swelling, hydrophilicity, biodegradation rate, and biocompatibility were achieved with the CS70 formulation. The wound healing process was accelerated according to wound closure rate assay upon treatment with MSCs loaded scaffold resulting in increased re-epithelialization, neovascularization, and less inflammatory reaction. Our findings unequivocally demonstrated that the cell-loaded nano-bioscaffold exhibited more efficacy compared with its acellular counterpart. In summation, our study underscores the potential of this innovative cellular scaffold as a viable solution for enhancing the healing of diabetic ulcers. Conclusion The utilization of MSCs in a nanofibrous biomaterial framework demonstrates significant promise, providing a novel avenue for advancing wound care and diabetic ulcer management. Graphical Abstract