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This study employs comprehensive source rock evaluation using seismic inversion, rock-eval pyrolysis, organic petrography and basin modeling techniques. The kerogen type is determined by using the Van Krevelen diagram, confirming Bahu-01, Nandpur-01 and Zakria-01 wells have kerogen type III, whereas Panjpir-01 well exhibits kerogen type II to III. The TOC was calculated using core data from (34) samples by employing organic geochemistry technique and post stack seismic inversion, applied on 2D seismic data. Bahu-01 well indicates poor source rock potential, with an average TOC value of 0.34%. In contrast, Panjpir-01 and Nandpur-01 wells represent moderate to good organic richness, with average TOC values of 1.25% and 1.36%, respectively. However, Zakria-01 well with a TOC of 0.72%, exhibits fair organic richness. The Maturity estimation from organic petrography and basin modeling reveals that the Bahu-01, Panjpir-01, and Nandpur-01 wells have average vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) values below 0.50, indicating immature source rock. In contrast, the average %Ro value for the Zakria-01 well is 0.63, confirming the source maturity in the early oil window, with peak generation occurring during Eocene age. Finally, the source rock evaluation proves the source is mature in the western part only and future hydrocarbon exploration should be focused in the western area. The integrated source rock evaluation approach is novel in Punjab Platform. The diverse methodologies enhanced our understanding about source rock characteristics for pursuing hydrocarbon resources. An integrated approach will also provide valuable insights for hydrocarbon exploration in numerous other basins worldwide.

The recent and striking success of Asia-Pacific countries in boosting growth and reducing poverty is testament to the importance of trade as a driver of growth. Rapid integration of Asia and the Pacific with the global economy through trade, investment and technology transfers has lifted an average of 42 million people in the region out of absolute poverty every year since 1990 (Asia-Pacific Regional MDGs Report 2012/2013 – Asia-Pacific Aspirations: Perspectives for a Post-2015 Development Agenda, ESCAP/ADB/UNDP, 2013).

[...]the Asia-Pacific region faces a high infrastructure deficit.

Smart grids and electric vehicles are rapidly gaining market share. Since 2010, the cost of solar power generation has declined by 58 percent, with the cost of wind power down by one-third. The International Renewable Energy Agency projects cost reductions of 59 percent in solar power and 12 percent in wind power within 10 years, edging below fossil fuel electricity costs in most Asia-Pacific countries.

To bring private capital, technology and expertise to energy access, partnerships between public sector and multilateral financing agencies need to offer the right enabling policy environment and a combination of incentives including risk mitigation frameworks, loan guarantees and other supportive credit enhancements. Many pioneering private sector firms have developed low-cost energy systems at household or village scale such as solar lanterns, biogas or micro-hydro systems and are rolling out business models with product, process and distribution innovations.