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While there is strong demand for cement because of its widespread use in modern society, its production is a source of international concern due to the large amounts of energy required and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced in the process. These GHGs deplete the ozone layer and speed up global warming. Therefore, it is important to investigate several methods of handling this issue, and material replacement has been proposed as the best option among many others. In this study, we examine the different strategies that have employed material substitution to reduce energy use and GHG emissions during the past decade. In this study, we provided an overview of the cement production processes and outlined the various material replacement choices available to us (including waste or recycled materials and other materials). This study found that partial (1–60%) and total material substitution in cement production processes have been reported to lower energy consumption by 5.5% to 40% and greenhouse gas emissions by 1% to 94%. This highlights the importance of material substitution in cement production for reducing energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases.

Herein we report a practical approach for peptide synthesis using second-generation fibrous polyacrylamide resin (Li-resin, “Li” is coming from the name of its inventor, Yongfu Li). This resin with the corresponding handle was used for solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) using a fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) approach. We reveal that the most appropriate mixing and filtration strategy when using amino-Li-resin in SPPS is via shaking and gravity filtration, instead of mechanical stirring and suction filtration used with other resins. The strategy was demonstrated with the SPPS of H-Tyr-Ile-Ile-Phe-Leu-NH2, which contains the difficult sequence Ile-Ile. The peptide was obtained with excellent purity and yield. We are confident that this strategy will be rapidly implemented by other peptide laboratories.

The cement industry accounts for nearly 8% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, driven largely by energy-intensive clinker production. Valorising industrial and agricultural waste as Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) presents a viable mitigation strategy, aligning decarbonisation goals with circular-economy principles. This review employs a two-stage screening process and the Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) method to assess 27 SCMs across technical, environmental, economic, and regulatory dimensions. The results establish a clear hierarchy: fly ash and metakaolin ranked highest, followed by ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, and calcined clay. Life cycle assessment confirms these top-performing SCMs can reduce the global warming potential of cement production by 50–90% compared to ordinary Portland cement. While established SCMs like fly ash offer a balanced profile in durability, CO2 reduction, and cost, the framework also identifies regionally abundant materials such as steel slag, bagasse ash, red mud, and Rice Husk Ash (RHA), which possess significant potential but require further processing and standardisation. The findings underscore that material consistency, robust regional supply chains, and performance-based standards are critical for large-scale SCM adoption, providing a replicable framework to guide industry and policy stakeholders in accelerating the transition to low-carbon, waste-valorised cement technologies.