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The flow-inclined cylinder interaction is an application area in the industry (i.e., offshore wind turbines and pile-supported near-shore structures). Findings of recent studies have revealed the significance of eco-friendly coastal structures that needs the utilization of inclined cylinder. The primary purpose of this study was to better understand the influence of inclination on flow, turbulence, and bed shear stress character. To achieve this objective, a three-dimensional numerical code (the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model) was used. The numerical model was calibrated based on eleven velocity profiles obtained by point measurements data of the wake region of the inclined cylinder. The mean flow, turbulence, and secondary flow characteristics around the bodies were extensively investigated, particularly at points where experimental measurements are inapplicable with intrusive turbulence measurement devices. The findings of the study revealed that as the inclination of the cylinder increased, the coherent structures that largely control the flow dynamics in the wake zone became stable rather than cyclical. Specifically, it was determined that although vorticity couples underpinned the flow field behind the vertical cylinder, large-scale streamwise vortices replaced the visible coherent structures when the cylinders were inclined (LSCSVs). When the cylinder inclined 42 degrees, the reduction in amplification factor (τ0 / τ∞) over the bed was roughly fifty percent in terms of quantity. This finding shows that inclination is a streamlined form for a cylinder and may reduce the collapse risk due to scour.

Today, due to advances in computing power, Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solvers are widely preferred for quasi-three-dimensional (Q3D) blade-to-blade analysis. This study investigates the performance of different flux calculation methods and turbulence models with a density-based RANS solver (Numeca®) in blade-to-blade analysis. A block-structured mesh topology is used to create a solution grid around the airfoil. Spatial discretization is performed in the pitchwise direction to represent the quasi three-dimensional flow, while only one computational cell is used in the radial direction to simulate the flow through the Q3D cascade. The computational grid around the airfoil is created with the Autogrid® tool using the block mesh topology. For the convective flow calculations, both the central and upwind methods available in Numeca® are applied separately. The Baldwin Lomax (BL), Spalart Allmaras (SA), Shear Stress Transport (SST), Explicit Algebraic Reynolds Stress Model (EARSM) and k-ε (KEPS) turbulence models are used for the turbulent shear stress calculations. In order to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of the spatial discretization methods and turbulence models, the isentropic Mach distribution on the airfoil surface, the total pressure loss and the exit flow angle behind the blade are compared with the experimental data of six test cases. In the compressor cases, the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model with the Central scheme gives the best results in terms of average loss prediction, while no turbulence model is superior to the other in terms of exit angle prediction. On the turbine side, EARSM and KEPS give better performance in terms of loss prediction for the low Reynolds case compared to others, while the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model is better for the high Reynolds cases.

Cartesian grids represent a special extent in unstructured grid literature. They employ chiefly created algorithms to produce automatic meshing while simulating flows around complex geometries without considering shape of the bodies. In this article, firstly, it is intended to produce regionally developed Cartesian meshes for two dimensional and three dimensional, disordered geometries to provide solutions hierarchically. Secondly, accurate results for turbulent flows are developed by finite volume solver (GeULER-NaTURe) with both geometric and solution adaptations. As a result, a “hands-off” flow solver based on Cartesian grids as the preprocessor is performed using object-oriented programming. Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model added Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations are solved for the flows around airfoils and wings. The solutions are validated and verified by one two dimensional and one three dimensional turbulent flow common test cases in literature. Both case studies disclose the efficaciousness of the developed codes and qualify in convergence and accuracy.

The M w 7.8 earthquake that struck Kahramanmaras on February 6, 2023, caused significant damage to hydrocarbon and water transmission lines due to permanent ground deformations. Explosions occurred in the Kahramanmaras–Gaziantep Natural Gas transmission pipeline causing disruption of gas in the cities of Gaziantep and Hatay Fault Displacement Hazard. Water transmission pipelines were also damaged due to extreme fault offsets. This paper presents the findings from the earthquake affected zones. Particular attention was given to the performance of the 2600 mm diameter Duzbag–Gaziantep water transmission pipeline due to three reported challenges: (#1) The behavior of the pipe in the Duzbag tunnel, (#2) The pipe bend behavior at the fault crossing, and (#3) The pull-out of the pipe at valve room. Based on field observations, extreme damage forms at pipes were presented. A three-dimensional nonlinear numerical analysis was performed to simulate the observed damage of the reoriented water pipe at the fault crossing for Case #2. The nonlinear finite element model was able to capture the complex nature of the post-yield behavior of steel pipe as well as the damage locations along the pipe and their sequence of occurrences. As a mitigation measure for new pipes, the need for using flexible connections at critical crossings was highlighted. For existing pipes, the importance of developing secondary (by-pass) lines was emphasized.

This study was aimed to investigate biometry of lactation curve for Mediterranean water buffalo imported from Italy raised in private farm in Turkey. Total 72 head Italian water buffalo were used at first lactation and three calving seasons as animal material. Wood, Wilmink and Cobby and Le Du models were chosen in present study. The general average lactation period, total lactation milk yield average and average daily milk yield were found 234 days, 1607.4 kg and 6.86 kg, respectively. Determination coefficient was calculated for Wood, Wilmink and Cobby and Le Du models for summer calving season as 0.94, 0.92 and 0.93, respectively. Wood model was found the highest coefficient of determination in general. Moreover, persistency (S) and maximum milk yields (Ymax) for Wood model were calculated. These values were found as 5.89 and 9.76 for first lactation in general group, respectively.

Radial head subluxation (RHS) is a frequent upper extremity injury in preschool children. Although the supination-flexion method is traditionally used for reduction, the 2017 Cochrane Review systematic review has shown that the hyperpronation maneuver is more successful. Despite the Cochrane Review suggesting that hyperpronation could be the preferred first-line technique in clinical practice, the studies analyzed have been deemed to carry a high risk of bias due to various methodological issues. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to reevaluate the evidence by including both prior and recently published randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the two techniques. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched and reviewed from 1980 to 2024 using specific search criteria without any language restriction. This systematic review and meta-analysis focused on randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared supination/flexion techniques to hyperpronation techniques for reducing radial head subluxation in children aged 0 to 6 years. The risk of bias in all included studies was assessed using the Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (ROB-2). The quality of evidence was evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria, with ten assessed as high risk of bias and one as low risk. The pooled data demonstrated that hyperpronation had significantly lower first-attempt failure rates compared to supination-flexion (9.42 % vs. 25 %). Pain levels during the maneuvers were comparable, with slight advantages for hyperpronation noted in a few subjective assessments. Despite the predominance of low-quality evidence, the findings suggest hyperpronation as the preferred technique for RHS reduction due to its higher success rates and simplicity.

The aim of this study is determining the relationship between body weight and age on growth curve models and selecting the best fitted model. The study was conducted in live weight records maintained a total of 54 male and female buffalo heads for a year. Richards, Gompertz, Logistic and Von Bertalanffy models are used as growth model in recent study. The model parameters were calculated and the comparisons among the models are materialized according to goodness of fit criteria (R2, R2 adj, MSE, AIC and BIC). As a result, all models were indicated that high and similar goodness of fit criteria. Richards and Von Bertalanffy models are the most appropriate (R2=0,996; R2 adj =0,993; MSE=62,71; AIC=42,47; BIC=27,29) for female animal and (R2=0,998; R2 d =0,998; HKO=18,51; AIC=30,51; BIC=12,65) male animal, respectively.

Background: Suturing the deep posterior deltoid ligament in unstable ankle fractures is novel to established treatment. Some cadaveric and clinical trials support that adding deltoid ligament repair to plating of the lateral fracture will improve stability restoration. Objectives: We will investigate the effects of deep deltoid ligament repair on patient-reported function, radiologic stability parameters, and the incidence of ankle osteoarthritis and the possible side effects from this additional procedure. The medial ankle injury patterns found will be described. Study design: A randomised controlled nonblinded multicentre trial. Methods: A total of 120 patients with Lauge Hansen SER 4B ankle fractures will be randomised (1:1 ratio) to conventional plating of the lateral malleolus only or additional suture of the deep deltoid ligament. The primary end point was patient-reported function measured in Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) at 1 and 2 years. The secondary end points included Self-Reported Foot and Ankle Score (SEFAS), Ankle Fracture Outcome of Rehabilitation Measure (A-FORM), VAS pain, and EuroQol-5D-5L scores; rates of treatment-related adverse events, reoperations, and incidence of posttraumatic arthritis; and comparison of side-to-side differences in tibiotalar medial clear space from bilateral weightbearing ankle radiographs and gravity stress on group level. Graphical Abstract