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The overwhelming number of cancer cases around the world has expressed a critical need for an automated diagnostic tool to assist pathologists in efficiently handling these cases. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world, increasing yearly. The integration of deep learning architectures in digital pathology has shown promising potential as a supportive tool for assisting pathologists in the diagnosis of cancerous tissues. However, the lack of histopathological image datasets of colon cancer impedes the precise evaluation of deep learning diagnosis techniques. This study proposes an ensemble model, combining EfficientNetv2 and DenseNet architectures, for the binary classification of colorectal cancer from whole slide images. The framework utilizes a new custom dataset containing histopathological images of colorectal cancer cases divided into benign and malignant classes, collected from Bahrain Defence Force-Royal Medical Services-King Hamad University Hospital in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The dataset comprises a total of 4,694 images, extracted from 227 whole slide images of colorectal cancer patients. However, due to limited computational resources, only 2,000 images were utilized in this study. The proposed model achieved a commendable accuracy of 98%, a perfect precision of 100% and a recall of 96.30%, displaying a high generalization ability and robustness. Furthermore, a comparative analysis was performed, which showed that the proposed model outperformed several state-of-the-art architectures.

Objective to evaluate the role of urinary URO17® biomarker in the detection of urothelial tumors in haematuria patients and the detection of recurrence in non-muscle invasive bladder urothelial tumors. Materials and methods Our study was formed of two cohorts of patients, group I represents patients presenting with haematuria ( n  = 98), while group II represents patients with known non-muscle invasive bladder cancers on their scheduled follow up cystoscopic investigation ( n  = 51). For both groups, patients were asked to provide urine samples before cystoscopy, either primary as part of the haematuria investigation or as a scheduled follow-up. Urine samples were sent anonymously for standard urine cytology and URO17® biomarker immunostaining. Results were compared to cystoscopic findings using Chi-square analysis and Fisher’s exact test ( P  < 0.05). Results Group I was formed of 98 patients, with an average age of 60 years. URO17® showed 100% sensitivity and 96.15% specificity with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 100 and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 95.83. The results showed statistical significance with P value < 0.001. Group II was formed of 51 patients, with an average age of 75 years. URO17® was shown to have a sensitivity of 85.71% and NPV of 95.45. Eleven patients of group II were on scheduled BacillusCalmette-Guerin (BCG) and another 5 received Mitomycin C (MMC). The overall results of both groups combined ( n  = 149) showed statistical significance between flexible cystoscopy results and the results of urinary URO17® and urine cytology. Conclusion URO17® has a potential to be a reliable test for diagnosis and follow up of urothelial cancer patients and a screening tool adjunct to flexible cystoscopy. Trial Registration Not applicable as the current study is not a clinical trial, as per according to the National Institutes of Health, “studies that involve a comparison of methods and that do not evaluate the effect of the interventions on the participant do not meet the NIH clinical trial definition.”

Abstract Cystic hypersecretory lesions of the breast are a spectrum of conditions ranging from cystic hypersecretory hyperplasia with atypia and invasive cystic hypersecretory carcinoma (CHC). It is a subtype of ductal carcinoma of the breast. The tumour is very infrequent and hence, extensive literature is limited. This culminates in the fact that it does not feature as part of the WHO classification of breast tumours. However, a good knowledge about its distinct pathological features can avert misdiagnosis and help differentiate CHC from other conditions. Thus far, only 22 cases of invasive CHC have been reported, of which 3 were microinvasive. Only 7 cases of axillary lymph node metastasis have been documented. We report a case of invasive CHC of the breast that was metastatic to the axilla and refractory to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Our case report aims to add to the literature on the disease, aiming to support large-scale studies in the future in order to elaborate on its clinical and biological characteristics.

Background Sigmoid volvulus is frequently reported in the “volvulus belt” (Middle East, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, Turkey, and South America) and is the third leading cause of large bowel obstruction in North America. It is an uncommon problem in children and adolescents, and is rarely considered a diagnosis in this group. A high index of suspicion is necessary to diagnose sigmoid volvulus in children. Case presentation We present a 13-year-old Arabian girl who came with features suggestive of intestinal obstruction. Plain abdominal film revealed classic omega (coffee bean) sign of sigmoid volvulus. The volvulus was successfully decompressed by means of a rectal tube in our emergency department. The next day during the same admission the volvulus recurred and was successfully decompressed by endoscopy. She was discharged home on her parents’ request; she presented again 1 month later. This time the volvulus could not be decompressed non-operatively, so she underwent sigmoidectomy with primary anastomosis. Postoperatively she developed paralytic ileus that resolved after 10 days. Following that she did well and was discharged home. She is still free of symptoms 1 year after the resection. Conclusions Sigmoid volvulus is an uncommon problem in children and adolescents, and is rarely considered a diagnosis in this group as a cause of intestinal obstruction. Pediatric surgeons should maintain a high index of suspicion, in order not to miss this important diagnosis, as any delay in instituting treatment has a devastating effect on morbidity as well as mortality. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment confer an excellent prognosis.

Ectopic breast tissue (EBT) is relatively common and can occur along the milk line or mammary ridge and often outside this line. We report a case of a female patient presenting with a suprapubic mass for 2 years, found later to be EBT containing a fibroadenoma. We believe this is a very rare finding. Moreover, we highlight the importance of considering EBT in the differential diagnoses of soft tissue masses.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a notable health care load that imposes a serious impact on the quality of life of patients. The small amount of reported data and multiple spectra of pathophysiological mechanisms of T2DM make it a challenging task and serious economic burden in health care management. Abrus precatorius L. is a slender, perennial, deciduous, and woody twining plant used in various regions of Asia to treat a variety of ailments, including diabetes mellitus. Various in vitro studies revealed the therapeutic significance of A. precatorius against diabetes. However, the exact molecular mechanism remains unclarified. In the present study, a network pharmacology technique was employed to uncover the active ingredients, their potential targets, and signaling pathways in A. precatorius for the treatment of T2DM. In the framework of this study, we explored the active ingredient–target–pathway network and figured out that abrectorin, abrusin, abrisapogenol J, sophoradiol, cholanoic acid, precatorine, and cycloartenol decisively contributed to the development of T2DM by affecting AKT1, MAPK3, TNFalpha, and MAPK1 genes. Later, molecular docking was employed to validate the successful activity of the active compounds against potential targets. Lastly, we conclude that four highly active constituents, namely, abrusin, abrisapogenol J, precatorine, and cycloartenol, help in improving the body’s sensitivity to insulin and regulate the expression of AKT1, MAPK3, TNFalpha, and MAPK1, which may act as potential therapeutic targets of T2DM. Integrated network pharmacology and docking analysis revealed that A. precatorius exerted a promising preventive effect on T2DM by acting on diabetes-associated signaling pathways. This provides a basis to understand the mechanism of the anti-diabetes activity of A. precatorius.

Soil salinity poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity, impacting the growth and yield of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) plants. This study investigates the potential of melatonin (MT; 100 µM) and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S; 200 µM sodium hydrosulfide, NaHS) to confer the tolerance of wheat plants to 100 mM NaCl. Salinity stress induced the outburst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in damage to the chloroplast structure, growth, photosynthesis, and yield. Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress. Thus, improved stomatal behavior, gas-exchange parameters, and maintenance of chloroplast structure resulted in enhanced activity of the Calvin cycle enzymes and overall enhancement of growth, photosynthetic, and yield performance of plants under salinity stress. The use of DL-propargylglycine (PAG, an inhibitor of hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis) and p -chlorophenyl alanine ( p -CPA, an inhibitor of melatonin biosynthesis) to plants under salt stress showed the comparative necessity of MT and H 2 S in mitigation of salinity stress. In the presence of PAG, more pronounced detrimental effects were observed than in the presence of p -CPA, emphasizing that MT was involved in mitigating salinity through various potential pathways, one of which was through H 2 S.

This study aimed to compare the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial efficacy of 2.5% NaOCl combined with chitosan or propolis nanoparticles at different concentrations. Nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The nanoparticles were divided into different concentrations (0.625, 1, and 3 mg/mL chitosan and 4, 5, and 5.5 mg/mL propolis) and combined with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Antibacterial activity was tested using agar well diffusion assay with Enterococcus faecalis biofilm generated on cellulose nitrate membrane filters after overnight incubation at 37 °C. Two-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post hoc test was used to evaluate reduction in CFUs among all groups, and P  < 0.05 was set as the reference for statistically significant results. Cytotoxicity was measured after 24 h by MTT assay 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, and genotoxicity was tested by alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) to measure DNA damage. The combination of chitosan or propolis nanoparticles of different concentrations with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite showed high antibacterial activity ( P  < 0.01). Cytotoxicity was improved when 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was mixed with 1 and 3 mg of chitosan nanoparticles or 4, 5, and 5.5 mg of propolis nanoparticles, and the difference was highly significant( P  < 0.01). The addition of nanoparticles improves the antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect of NaOCl. This new irrigant can be used in endodontic treatment given its safety and effectiveness against E. faecalis .

Despite the current endeavors by the government in Bahrain to promote inclusion of students with special educational needs, the perceptions of deaf and hard-of-hearing students' inclusion is yet to be examined in the art or design classroom. The research involves a thematic analysis of the challenges and opportunities of inclusive education in art and design higher educational settings, and investigates the perceptions of educators, parents, and students of it. It mainly aims to provide guidelines and recommendations for the implementation of the most effective teaching approaches in art and design higher education for deaf and hard-of-hearing students in Bahrain. The study involves two stages; the first involved conducting semi-structured interviews with parents and the second stage was based upon interviews and focus groups with deaf and hard-of-hearing students enrolled in the BA Art and Design program at the University of Bahrain. The study is undertaken to determine the most effective strategies, pedagogies and approaches that can be employed by educators to enhance deaf and hard-of-hearing students' learning process. It mainly concludes that segregating deaf and hard-of-hearing students in self-contained classrooms for theory-based courses and customizing the theoretical content to suit their linguistic capabilities will maximize their educational attainment.

Exploration of leads with therapeutic potential in inflammatory disorders is worth pursuing. In line with this, the isolated natural compound daturaolone from Datura innoxia Mill. was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory potential using in silico, in vitro and in vivo models. Daturaolone follows Lipinski’s drug-likeliness rule with a score of 0.33. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity prediction show strong plasma protein binding; gastrointestinal absorption (Caco-2 cells permeability = 34.6 nm/s); no blood–brain barrier penetration; CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 metabolism; a major metabolic reaction, being aliphatic hydroxylation; no hERG inhibition; and non-carcinogenicity. Predicted molecular targets were mainly inflammatory mediators. Molecular docking depicted H-bonding interaction with nuclear factor kappa beta subunit (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2, 5-lipoxygenase, phospholipase A2, serotonin transporter, dopamine receptor D1 and 5-hydroxy tryptamine. Its cytotoxicity (IC50) value in normal lymphocytes was >20 µg/mL as compared to cancer cells (Huh7.5; 17.32 ± 1.43 µg/mL). Daturaolone significantly inhibited NF-κB and nitric oxide production with IC50 values of 1.2 ± 0.8 and 4.51 ± 0.92 µg/mL, respectively. It significantly reduced inflammatory paw edema (81.73 ± 3.16%), heat-induced pain (89.47 ± 9.01% antinociception) and stress-induced depression (68 ± 9.22 s immobility time in tail suspension test). This work suggests a possible anti-inflammatory role of daturaolone; however, detailed mechanistic studies are still necessary to corroborate and extrapolate the findings.