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A reliable and accurate diagnosis and identification system is required to prevent and manage tea leaf diseases. Tea leaf diseases are detected manually, increasing time and affecting yield quality and productivity. This study aims to present an artificial intelligence-based solution to the problem of tea leaf disease detection by training the fastest single-stage object detection model, YOLOv7, on the diseased tea leaf dataset collected from four prominent tea gardens in Bangladesh. 4000 digital images of five types of leaf diseases are collected from these tea gardens, generating a manually annotated, data-augmented leaf disease image dataset. This study incorporates data augmentation approaches to solve the issue of insufficient sample sizes. The detection and identification results for the YOLOv7 approach are validated by prominent statistical metrics like detection accuracy, precision, recall, mAP value, and F1-score, which resulted in 97.3%, 96.7%, 96.4%, 98.2%, and 0.965, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that YOLOv7 for tea leaf diseases in natural scene images is superior to existing target detection and identification networks, including CNN, Deep CNN, DNN, AX-Retina Net, improved DCNN, YOLOv5, and Multi-objective image segmentation. Hence, this study is expected to minimize the workload of entomologists and aid in the rapid identification and detection of tea leaf diseases, thus minimizing economic losses.

We report a laboratory scale combined absorption and adsorption chemical process to remove contaminants from anaerobically produced biogas using cafeteria (food), vegetable, fruit, and cattle manure wastes. Iron oxide (Fe2O3), zero valent iron (Feo), and iron chloride (FeCl2) react with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to deposit colloidal sulfur. Silica gel, sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and calcium oxide (CaO) reduce the water vapour (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). It is possible to upgrade methane (CH4) above 95% in biogas using chemical or physical absorption or adsorption process. The removal efficiency of CO2, H2S, and H2O depends on the mass of removing agent and system pH. The results showed that Ca(OH)2 solutions are capable of reducing CO2 below 6%. The H2S concentration was reduced to 89%, 90%, 86%, 85%, and 96% for treating with 10 g of FeCl2, Feo (with pH), Fe2O3, Feo, and activated carbon, respectively. The H2O concentration was reduced to 0.2%, 0.7%, 0.2%, 0.2%, and 0.3% for treating raw biogas with 10 g of silica gel and Na2SO4 for runs R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5, respectively. Thus, given the successful contaminant elimination, the combined absorption and adsorption process is a feasible system for biogas purification.

Energy consumes by the world comes from fossil fuel which is non-renewable and pollute environment. Therefore, renewable energy is a possible solution for replacement of fossil fuel. Recycling rumen digesta can be considered as renewable energy source. Anaerobic digestion is one of the best processes for rumen digesta management which will lead to production of biogas, reduction in GHGs emissions and reduce environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was to assess number of slaughterhouse, amount of slaughtered animal, availability of rumen digesta in Sylhet City Corporation and generation of biogas from rumen digesta. The study was conducted in different locations of Sylhet City Corporation The experiment for biogas generation was carried out in 3300 ml digester under mesophilic condition. The mixing ratio of animal digesta and water was 1:1. Hydraulic retention time of the experiment was 40 days. The produced biogas was measured by water displacement method. The result showed that co-digestion of rumen digesta of chicken, cow, goat increased production of biogas. The maximum biogas generation from rumen digesta of chicken, cow, goat and co-digestion of three substrates were 27.2, 3, 39, 7.5 ml/day at the 12th, 28th, 9th, 1st day respectively. The average production of biogas from chicken, cow, goat and co-digestion of rumen digesta were 9.865, 1.32, 6.89, 6.35 ml/day respectively. The average methane production was 58.69%, 58.77%, 57.39% and 56.93% in biogas from chicken, cow, goat and mixed rumen digesta respectively. The study suggests making digester in every slaughterhouse for recycling rumen digesta and produce biogas which can recover future energy crisis and reduce environmental pollution.

Biogas, which generated from renewable sources can be used as a sustainable energy to achieve resourceful targets of biofuel for internal combustion engines. This process can be achieved in combined absorption and adsorption chemical way. This method can be employed by aqueous solutions of calcium hydroxide, activated carbon, iron(II) chloride, silica gel and sodium sulfate respectively. The presence of CO2, H2S and H2O in the biogas has lowering the calorific value and detrimental corrosion effects on the metal components. Removal of these contaminants from the biogas can therefore significantly improve the gas quality. A comparison study was investigated using combined chemical methods of improving the calorific value of biogas. Experiment results revealed that the aqueous solution used effectively in reacting with CO2 in biogas (over 85-90% removal efficiency), creating CH4 enriched biogas. The removal efficiency was the highest in method 1, where efficiency results were 91.5%, 97.1% and 91.8%, for CO2, H2S, and H2O, respectively. The corresponding CH4 enrichment was 97.5%. These results indicate that the method 1 is more suitable compare to method 2. However, both methane enrichment processes might be useful for cleaning and upgrading methane quality in biogas.

Reasonable use of agricultural machinery has an extraordinary potential for poverty alleviation by increasing land and labor productivity in Thailand, Vietnam, and even in Bangladesh. This study was conducted under a program entitled “Agriculture Mechanization, Agro-Processing, Value addition and Export Market Development in Thailand and Vietnam from 1–14 November, 20I9” from the Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh. In all three distinct nations, farming activities represent a significant area of activity and remains the biggest wellspring of agricultural business. About 10.5% of Thailand’s, 21.5% of Vietnam’s, and 14.23% of Bangladesh’s GDP come from agriculture. For sustainable development, it is essential to modernize agriculture through the mechanization of its operations, which is therefore inevitable in the studied countries. Thailand’s government started mechanization in 1891 with the import of steam-powered tractor and rotary hoes. Since then the country has witnessed several milestones in the course of mechanization development. The focal plain agro-ecological zone of the state is the maximum and almost fully modernized area. As of now, there are two methods of practicing farming apparatus use: as a proprietor and/or through custom renting provision which coincides with Vietnam and Bangladesh. Historically, mechanization patterns in Vietnam can been described by tillage machinery with associated implement equipment use preceding 1975. This was non-linear, followed by a decreasing trend during the 80s prior to recovery during the 90s, with significant disparities in implementation status across the areas. In 2018, the number of tillage implements and harvesters was boosted about 1.6 and 25.6 times, respectively compared with 2006. The percentage of machinery use in soil tillage operation is 80% of the whole territory of cultivable land in Vietnam, compared to about 90% in Bangladesh and 100% in Thailand. Mechanization in Bangladesh started before independence with the importation of 2-wheel tractors and irrigation pumps in the last part of the 1960s as part of ‘Green Revolution’ activities. To continue this momentum, the Bangladesh Government permitted the continuation of agricultural machinery importation after later autonomy. Machinery use in different agricultural activities has increased in recent years in the areas of irrigation, land preparation, intercultural operation, and threshing. Though its degree of advancement is by and large still quite low contrasted with other South Asian nations, it is noticeable that the most recent two decades, the pace of mechanization has increased rapidly with the increase of mechanical power use in farm activities. The use of farm machinery in rice cultivation has been the most amazing when contrasted with different crops in these three nations. A clear comparison has been given in the paper, which aims to help researchers and policymakers take necessary measures.

This study incorporates the design, fabrication, implementation and evaluation of soil-based Vertical Floating Bed (VFB). The VFB has contained six plots in three vertical layers, each layer having vertical distance of 0.61 m. The structural load was calculated and three water barrels were used to maintain stable floating condition. Red Amaranth was grown and the production was evaluated with horizontal farm based on no. of leaves (NoL), stem size (SS), crop weight, crop height (CH), root zone depth and total yield (Y). Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference in yield among different layers of VFB with horizontal layer. Most of the considerable yield (NoL 10 nos, CH 0.27 m, SS 12 mm, Y 1.54 kg) was achieved from the top layer of the structure (L1). The lowest production (NoL 7 nos, CH 0.19 m, SS 9 mm, Y 0.83 kg) was found in the bottom layer (L3). The elevation of different layers caused growth variances due to sunlight exposure differences. The study suggested that healthy production will be capable as insect and weed infestation was negligible. It can also be a sustainable method to grow vegetables in low-land areas.