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In the last two decades of the 15th century, a Maliki jurist in North Africa issued a fatwa warning Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula against remaining there under Catholic rule for religious reasons. This Mālikī jurist invited them to emigrate to any state in North Africa to protect their beliefs and practise their religious duties and rituals correctly. However, many Iberian Muslims chose to remain for non-religious reasons. Many scholars have examined the content of this fatwa and described the personality of the jurist who issued it. In addition, they have analysed the importance of this fatwa for the Maliki school and other Mālikī jurists. However, they have not clarified the extent to which Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula were able to preserve their heritage and practise their religious rituals accurately and continuously in the wake of this jurist's directive. Consequently, this research discusses the status of Iberian Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula under Catholic rule and the means that they used to maintain the rituals and practices prescribed in their religion. It also highlights the religious support that the Andalusians received in Oran in 1504. The study relies on historical evidence and analyses the same as the primary source.

In 45AH (665CE), Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān (41-60AH/661-680CE), the first Umayyad caliph, continued the efforts of the Rashidūn Caliphate in conquering Al-Maghrib by dispatching multiple military leaders to conduct campaigns in the region. The Umayyad conquest was ultimately completed under the sixth Umayyad caliph, Al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al- Malik (86- 96AH/705-715CE), who appointed the first Umayyad governor of Al Maghrib in 58AH (678CE). This paper explains the most important factors that the Umayyad caliphs relied on in appointing their governors in al Maghrib after completing the conquest. It also examines the relationship between the factors for selecting leaders during the conquest of al-Maghrib and those for appointing governors. These factors show the extent of the loyalty of these governors to the Umayyad Caliphate. Previous studies have discussed various aspects of the history of al- Maghrib during and after the conquest. However, they have not paid attention to the elements of this research. This research consulted primary sources which had discussed various aspects of the Umayyad and al-Maghrib history.

The Arab conquest of al-Maghrib began during the reign of the second caliph of the Al-Rashidun caliphs; ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab (13-23 AH/634-644) and was completed in the reign of the sixth Umayyad caliph Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (86-96 AH/705-715). Eastern historians have concentrated on the campaigns of the Muslim military leaders in al-Maghrib during the Al-Rashidun caliphs and the Umayyad state. However, the relationship between the Umayyad caliphs and the leaders of the conquest was not their focal point. Among these leaders were; Muawiya b. Hudayj al-Kindi (d. 58 AH/678), ʿUqbah ibn Nafi (d. 63 AH/683), Hassan ibn al-Numan (d. 86 AH/ 705), and Musa ibn Nusayr (d. 97 AH/ 716). Western historians have examined the crises occurring in the Umayyad state, but they did not clarify its impact on the relationship between the military leaders and the Umayyad caliphs. This study aims to analyze the process of selecting the military leaders by the Umayyad caliphs in completing the Arab conquest of al-Maghrib. It discusses the support offered by the Umayyad state to these leaders. This study also illustrates the relationship between the Umayyad state and the military leaders of the conquest. In addition to that, it clarifies the circumstances of the Umayyad state and its effects on the relationship between the Umayyad caliphs and the military leaders.

This research examines the position of the European states, in particular the crowns of Castile and Aragon, in the Iberian Peninsula from the fall of Constantinople. It argues with previous studies the claim that the Ottoman seizure of Constantinople increased enthusiasm for crusading throughout Europe against the Ottomans. To this end, this research discusses the statuses of the Christian states in Europe, particularly the Iberian crowns. It looks as well at the primary objectives of the crowns in the Iberian Peninsula. In addition, it compares the reactions of Castile and Aragon after the Ottoman capture of Constantinople and their responses after the Ottoman conquest of Otranto in the Italian Peninsula. The methodology of this study is the historical method, which analyses various primary sources, including Castilian, Aragonese, Muslim and papacy sources. The analysis of these sources provides arguments in order to dispute the theses of the previous studies.