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Recent clinical and pathological evidence has implicated the gut microbiota as an interplay for regulating human body homeostasis, influencing conditions ranging from cancer and dementia to obesity and social behavior. It has the potential to influence cancer prognosis and the results of cancer therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy. A growing body of evidence suggests that modulating the gut microbiota can improve the efficacy of anticancer drugs. Nanomedicine has emerged as one of the most promising technologies for modernizing traditional approaches. Accordingly, specific attention has been grabbed toward using nanomaterials to modulate the gut microbiota to enhance the anticancer treatment efficacy. The critical roles of gut microbiota in carcinogenesis, cancer progression, and various cancer therapies are first introduced in this review. Following that, nanomedicine advances that improve cancer therapy efficacy by modulating or engineering gut microbiota are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using nanomedicine to target gut microbiota for cancer prevention and treatment are briefly discussed. Although there are some review papers in this concept, but there are room for further clarification to shed light on the way cross-talk between gut microbiota and cancer and, more specifically, modulating effects and emerging roles of nanomaterials. Graphical Abstract Nanomaterials crosstalk with gut microbiome

Purpose Colorectal cancers are composed of heterogeneous cell populations in the concepts of genetic and functional degrees that among them cancer stem cells are identified with their self-renewal and stemness capability mediating primary tumorigenesis, metastasize, therapeutic resistance, and tumor recurrence. Therefore, understanding the key mechanisms of stemness in colorectal cancer stem cells (CRCSCs) provides opportunities to discover new treatments or improve existing therapeutic regimens. Methods We review the biological significance of stemness and the results of potential CRCSC-based targeted immunotherapies. Then, we pointed out the barriers to targeting CRCSCs in vivo and highlight new strategies based on synthetic and biogenic nanocarriers for the development of future anti-CRCSC trials. Results The CSCs’ surface markers, antigens, neoantigens, and signaling pathways supportive CRCSCs or immune cells that are interacted with CRCSCs could be targeted by immune monotherapy or in formulation with developed nanocarriers to overcome the resistant mechanisms in immune evader CRCSCs. Conclusion Identification molecular and cellular cues supporting stemness in CRCSCs and their targeting by nanoimmunotherpy can improve the efficacy of existed therapies or explore novel therapeutic options in future.

Drug development is both a task and a promise for fighting illnesses and improving health. Innovative treatments for cancer, infectious diseases, chronic illnesses, and uncommon genetic abnormalities have long been difficult and resource-intensive to develop. In the 21st century, bioinformatics has become a pioneering and essential technique for drug development. Bioinformatics uses computational algorithms, statistical analysis, and data-driven insights to understand life's core biological processes. Bioinformatics helps drug discovery researchers understand illness biological mechanisms, identify therapeutic targets, screen candidate molecules, and improve drug development pipelines. Drug development has been defined by fortuitous discoveries and tedious laboratory work, requiring years or decades to get a possible therapeutic agent to the patient bedside. Bioinformatics has transformed drug development in biomedicine today. This comprehensive study examines how bioinformatics has changed medication development. We want to study and analyse bioinformatics' many uses. We discover the complex network of genomes, proteomics, structural biology, and computational modelling that underscores bioinformatics' vital significance as we investigate this dynamic subject. This review illuminates the difficult balance between biological knowledge and computational capabilities to produce innovative treatments. The systematic review uses a thorough literature search, study selection criteria, and data extraction. Genomic target identification, virtual screening, pharmacophore modelling, pathway analysis, and toxicity prediction are among the bioinformatics applications in drug development we find and classify. These examples demonstrate bioinformatics' ability to accelerate medication development. The systematic review covers bioinformatics' drug discovery applications and shows how this diverse discipline is changing pharmaceutical research. It shows how to improve medication development, reduce side effects, and achieve precision medicine. The combination of bioinformatics and drug development offers optimism for easing human suffering, extending lifespans, and fighting a broad range of illnesses.

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells with cytotoxic potentials to kill cancerous cells in several mechanisms, which could be implied for cancer therapy. While potent, their antitumor activities specially for solid tumors impaired by inadequate tumor infiltration, suppressive tumor microenvironment, cancer-associated stroma cells, and tumor-supportive immune cells. Therefore, manipulating or reprogramming these barriers by prospective strategies might improve current immunotherapies in the clinic or introduce novel NK-based immunotherapies. NK-based immunotherapy could be developed in monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutic regimens such as oncolytic virus therapy and immune checkpoint blockade, as presented in this review.