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Potato early dying (PED) disease complex is often called the Verticillium wilt of potato and is considered one of the most economically devastating diseases of potato worldwide. The severity of the disease greatly increases with the association of the soil-borne pathogens Verticillium dahliae and V. albo-atrum and the root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus sp.). Recently, an increase in wilt disease symptoms and a sharp decline in marketable tuber yield were observed in New Brunswick (NB), Canada. A survey of 71 fields, along with eight fumigated and eight non-fumigated fields, was carried out to determine and quantify nematodes and Verticillium in the soil. Techniques used included plate counts for Verticillium (CFU/g soil), real-time qPCR (RT-qPCR) for V. dahliae (cell/g soil), and nematode identification and counts (# of nematodes/kg of soil). The survey results of the 71 fields revealed that 55 fields had Verticillium sp. ranging from 2 to 66 CFU/g of soil by the plate method, and 68 fields had high V. dahliae ranging from 261 to 27,471 cell/g of soil by RT-qPCR method. All fields had high numbers of root lesion nematodes ranging from 560 to 14,240 nematodes/kg of soil. There was an uneven distribution of PED incidence in potato fields at various locations of NB. Fumigation with Chloropicrin significantly reduced the numbers of root lesion nematodes by 34.1–99.0%, Verticillium sp. CFU/g of soil by 50–100%, and V. dahliae cell/g soil by 38–91% in the eight fumigated fields. The management of the PED complex with various disease management products under field conditions was also studied in a field plot trial setup. The nematicide Velum applied in-furrow at the recommended label rate decreased the numbers of root lesion nematodes by up to 66% compared to other products. The combination of both Velum + Aprovia and the application of ammonium-lignosulfonate significantly reduced V. dahliae by 190.55% and 274.24%, respectively, compared to other products. The fungicide Aprovia applied in-furrow at the recommended rate for the management of Verticillium wilt significantly reduced Verticillium sp. CFU/g of soil in treated soil by 73.3% compared to Velum, Mustgrow, Senator PSPT, Vapam, ammonium-lignosulfonate, Nimitz, and the untreated control. Disease management products increased potato marketable yield by 27.38–97.74%. The results of this study suggest that the root lesion nematode and V. dahliae have a ubiquitous distribution in the fields cultivated with potatoes in NB. The co-infection of potato by both V. dahliae and the root lesion nematode can greatly increase the severity of PED. Fumigation with Chloropicrin significantly reduced the levels of root lesion nematodes and Verticillium in all fumigated fields. Management practices of PED using the fungicide Aprovia, the nematicide Velum, and a combination of both Velum + Aprovia had the greatest effect in reducing the population density of the root lesion nematode and Verticillium dahliae in soils of commercial potato fields in New Brunswick.

Potato early dying disease complex (PED) leads to premature senescence and rapid decline in potato plants. Unlike potato wilt caused solely by Verticillium species, PED symptoms are more severe due to the synergistic effects of multiple pathogens, including root-lesion nematodes, fungi such as Colletotrichum and Fusarium, and soft-rot bacteria. To investigate the microbiome responsible for PED, soil and stem samples from healthy-looking and symptomatic plants were analyzed using amplicon-targeted next-generation sequencing (Illumina MiSeq and PacBio technologies). Samples were collected from four locations in New Brunswick, Canada from fields previously rotated with barley or oat. Comparative analysis of the bacterial, fungal, and eukaryotic diversity in soil samples showed minimal differences, with only bacterial alpha diversity influenced by the plant health status. Verticillium dahliae was abundant in all soil samples, and its abundance was significantly higher in the stems of diseased plants. Additional fungal species implicated in PED, including Plectosphaerella cucumerina, Colletotrichum coccodes, Botrytis sp., and Alternaria alternata, were also identified in the stems. This study highlights the complex, plant-associated microbial interactions underlying PED and provides a foundation for microbiome-informed disease management strategies.

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is an economically important disease of potato and tomato worldwide. In Canada, an increase in late blight incidence and severity coincided with changes in genetic composition of P. infestans . We monitored late blight incidence on tomato and potato in Pacific western and eastern Canada between 2019 and 2022, identified genotypes of P . infestans , and examined their population genetic diversity. We identified four major existing genotypes US11, US17, US8, and US23 as well as 25 new genotypes. The US11 genotype was dominant in Pacific western Canada, accounting for 59% of the total population. We discovered the US17 genotype for the first time in Canada. We revealed a higher incidence of late blight and quite diverse genotypes of P . infestans in Pacific western Canada than in eastern Canada. We found high genetic diversity of P. infestans population from Pacific western Canada, as evidenced by the high number of multilocus genotypes, high values of genetic diversity indices, and emergence of 25 new genotypes. Considering the number of disease incidence, the detection of diverse known genotypes, the emergence of novel genotypes, and the high number of isolates resistant to metalaxyl-m (95%) from Pacific western Canada, the region could play a role in establishing sexual recombination and diverse populations, which could ultimately pose challenges for late blight management. Therefore, continuous monitoring of P. infestans populations in Pacific western region and across Canada is warranted. Key points • Genotypes of P. infestans in Pacific western were quite diverse than in eastern Canada. • We discovered US17 genotype for the first time in Canada and identified 26 novel genotypes. • Approximately 95% of P. infestans isolates were resistant to metalaxyl-m.

Powdered, dried olive (Olea europaea) cake was extracted with hexane, methanol and butanol. Six phenolic compounds, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, oleuropein, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid and cinnamic acid, were isolated from these extracts after fractionation. The fractions were tested for their antifungal activity against Verticillium sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus sp., Penicillium italicum, Rhizoctonia solani, Stemphylium solani, Cladosporium sp., Mucor sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Pythium sp.. The strongest activity was reported against Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium sp.. No effect was observed against Alternaria sp [Un pannello di olive (Olea europaea), in polvere, essiccato, e' stato estratto con esano, metanolo e butanolo. Dagli estratti, dopo frazionamento, sono stati isolati sei composti fenolici, acido cumarico, acido ferulico, oleeuropeina, acido caffeico, acido protocatecuico e acido cinnamico. Sulle diverse frazioni e' stata saggiata l'attivita' antifungina nei confronti di Verticillium sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus sp., Penicillium italicum, Rhizoctonia solani, Stemphilium solani, Cladosporium sp., Mucor sp., Colletotrichum sp. e Pythium sp.. La maggior attivita' e' stata rilevata nei confronti di Fusarium oxysporum e Verticillium sp., mentre non sono stati riscontrati effetti su Alternaria sp.]

Extracts drawn from dried and powdered flowers, stems and leaves of Euphorbia macroclada with some organic solvents were tested for antimicrobial effect against the fungi Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium italicum, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria solani, Stemphylium solani, Cladosporium sp., Mucor sp. and Pythium sp. The strongest inhibitory effect of the extracts was observed against R. solani, V. dahliae, F. oxysporum, Pythium sp. and R. stolonifer. The weakest effect was against A. solani. Extracts from the stems had a stronger inhibitory effect than those from the flowers or leaves. Butanol was the best solvent to extract antimicrobial compounds from leaves, stems and flowers and was superior to chloroform, water and petroleum ether. Results clearly indicate that E. macroclada is a promising source of antimicrobial compounds [E' stato studiato l'effetto antimicrobico di estratti provenienti da fiori, fusti e foglie di Euphorbia macroclada essiccati e polverizzati nei confronti dei funghi Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium italicum, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria solani, Stemphylium solani, Cladosporium sp., Mucor sp. e Pythium sp. L'effetto inibitorio piu' forte degli estratti e' stato osservato nei confronti di R. solani, V. dahliae, F. oxysporum, Pythium sp. e R. stolonifer. L'effetto piu' debole e' stato riscontrato contro A. solani. Gli estratti dei fusti avevano un effetto inibitorio piu' forte rispetto a quelli dei fiori o delle foglie. Il butanolo si e' rivelato il miglior solvente per estrarre composti antimicrobici da foglie, fusti e fiori ed e' risultato superiore a cloroformio, acqua ed etere di petrolio. I risultati indicano chiaramente che E. macroclada e' una fonte promettente di composti antimicrobici]

Fifty A. solani isolates representing a population were collected from the Jordan Valley, purified, and tested for their sensitivity to the fungicide mancothane. The isolates were tested against a series of concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1,000 mg mancothane mlE-1 in 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SODS). Some A. solani isolates tolerated up to 1,000 mg mancothane mlE-1. Isolates treated with the various concentrations were divided into 5 groups based on the percentage of A. solani growth achieved despite treatment: group 1 comprised isolates with mycelial growth of 0.1-20.9%, group 2, 21-40.9%, group 3, 41-60.9%, group 4, 61-80.9%, group 5, 81-100%. Ninety-seven percent of all isolates grew at 0.1 mg mancothane mlE-1, 94% at 1 mg mlE-1, 86% at 10 mg mlE-1, 66% at 100 mg mlE-1 and 16% at 1,000 mg mlE-1. Isolates appeared to be distributed normally at 10 mg mancothane mlE-1. Eight isolates were highly resistant to mancothane and grew even at the highest test concentration. An A. solani population collected from potato fields in the Jordan Valley exhibited a moderate level of resistance to mancothane. Growers should be careful and vigilant when using this fungicide to control early blight [Cinquanta isolati di A. solani rappresentanti una popolazione sono stati prelevati nella Valle del Giordano, purificati e saggiati in relazione alla loro sensibilità al fungicida mancothane. Gli isolati sono stati sottoposti a una serie di concentrazioni, 0, 0,1, 1, 10, 100 e 1.000 mg di mancothane mlE-1 in sodio dodecil solfato (SDS) al 5%. Alcuni isolati di A. solani tolleravano fino a 1.000 mg mlE-1. Gli isolati trattati con le varie concentrazioni sono stati suddivisi in 5 gruppi basati sulla percentuale di crescita di A. solani ottenuta nonostante il trattamento: gruppo 1, isolati con crescita del micelio da 0,1 al 20,9%; gruppo due, dal 21 al 40,9%; gruppo 3, dal 41 al 60,9%; gruppo 4, dal 61 all´80,9%; gruppo 5, dall´81 al 100%. Il 97% di tutti gli isolati cresceva a 0,1 mg mlE-1, il 94% a 1 mg, l´86% a 10 mg, il 66% a 100 mg e il 16% a 1.000 mg. Gli isolati sono risultati distribuiti in modo normale alla concentrazione di 10 mg mlE-1. Otto isolati hanno evidenziato una resistenza elevata al mancothane e crescevano anche alla maggiore concentrazione saggiata. Una popolazione di A. solani prelevata da campi di patate nella Valle del Giordano ha manifestato un livello moderato di resistenza al mancothane. Gli agricoltori dovrebbero prestare attenzione nell´utilizzazione di questo fungicida per la difesa dall´alternariosi.]

Wild honey was diluted to 1,000 ppm with sterile distilled water and tested in vitro for inhibition of the plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria solani, Stemphylium solani, Colletotrichum sp. and Phytophthora infestans. Wild honey was effective against all these fungi, particularly A. solani and P. infestans, the causal agents of early and late blight diseases, respectively, and also against R. solani and F. oxysporum and, to a less extent, against S. solani and Colletotrichum sp. This is the first report on the inhibiting effect of wild honey against plant pathogenic fungi [Miele selvatico e' stato diluito a 1.000 ppm con acqua distillata sterile e saggiato in relazione alla capacita' di inibizione dei funghi patogeni Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria solani, Stemphylium solani, Colletotrichum sp. e Phytophthora infestans. Il miele selvatico si e' dimostrato attivo nei confronti di tutti questi funghi, in particolare di A. solani e P. infestans, agenti causali, rispettivamente, della peronospora precoce e tardiva, e anche verso R. solani e F. oxysporum e, in minor misura, contro S. solani e Colletotrichum sp. Questa e' la prima segnalazione dell'effetto inibitorio del miele selvatico nei confronti dei funghi patogeni delle piante]

Air-dried and finely powdered roots of Ferula harmonis F. (Umbelliferae) were extracted in a Soxhlet with several solvents in succession and the gummy extracts in each fraction were collected and tested for their fungitoxic effects. The antifungal activity of nine F. harmonis extracts against Alternaria solani, Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Mucor sp., Penicillium italicum, Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizopus stolonifer, Stemphylium solani and Verticillium dahliae is reported. The strongest fungitoxic effects were found against V. dahliae, P. italicum and R. stolonifer. The weakest effect was against A. solani. All extracts of F. harmonis had varying degrees of fungitoxicity against all the tested fungi, which makes it a potential source of antifungal compounds. Ferutinin and teferidine, two known sesquiterpenes, were isolated from the roots of F. harmonis and their structures were identified. The fungitoxic activity of the ethyl acetate extract might be due to the presence of ferutinin contained in it [Radici essiccate all'aria e finemente polverizzate di Ferula harmonis F. (Umbelliferae) sono state sottoposte a estrazione in un Soxhlet con numerosi solventi in successione e sono stati verificati gli effetti fungitossici degli estratti gommosi. Viene riportata l'attivita' antifungina di nove estratti di F. harmonis nei confronti di Alternaria solani, Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Mucor sp., Penicillium italicum, Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizopus stolonifer, Stemphylium solani e Verticillium dahliae. Maggiori effetti tossici sono stati riscontrati contro V. dahliae, P. italicum e R. stolonifer. L'effetto piu' debole e' stato verificato nei confronti di A. solani. Tutti gli estratti di F. harmonis presentavano livelli variabili di fungitossicita' nei confronti di tutti i funghi saggiati, il che la fa ritenere una possibile fonte di composti antifungini. Dalle radici di F. harmonis sono state isolate la ferutinina e la teferidina, due noti sesquiterpeni, ed e' stata identificata la loro struttura. L'attivita' fungitossica dell'estratto in acetato di etile potrebbe essere dovuta alla presenza della ferutinina contenuta in questo]

Based on the proportion of clamp connections found between pairings of sibling monokaryotic isolates, the polypore Daedaliopsis confragosa, exhibits a bifactorial (tetrapolar) mating system.