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Despite advances in early detection and therapy, cancer still is a significant health challenge with the highest priority for investigation. Breast cancer represents the most common cancerous disease among women in the world. The study’s purpose is to estimate the cytotoxic activity of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus extract (PE), chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs), and PE loaded with ChNPs (PELChNPs), as well as to identify the molecular docking of the cytotoxicity of methyl gallate (MG) as a main component of the PE against breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of PE exhibited the existence of various phenolic and flavonoid compounds such as MG, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, hesperetin, naringenin, rutin, and cinnamic acid. The proliferation of the MCF-7 cell line was inhibited at 1, 3.9, and 62.50 µg/mL of PELChNPs, PE, and ChNPs, respectively. PELChNPs were more effective against the MCF-7 cell line than PE, particularly at low concentrations. For instance, at 7.8 µg/mL of PELChNPs and PE, the inhibitory % of MCF-7 proliferation was 20.59±1.75% and 8.57±0.59%, respectively. At 15.6 µg/mL of PELChNPs and PE, the inhibitory % of MCF-7 proliferation was 51.37±1.09% and 25.18±1.64%, respectively. While there is slight difference in the inhibition % of MCF-7 cells (98.64±0.21 and 97.22±0.16%) at high concentration 500 µg/mL of PELChNPs and PE, respectively. IC 50 was 15.25 ± 0.54 µg/mL, 46.27 ± 1.94 µg/mL, and 337.38 ± 13.68 µg/mL against MCF-7 cell line of PELChNPs, PE, and ChNPs, respectively. The value of IC 50 documented the efficacy of PELChNPs compared with the IC 50 (5.91 ± 0.43 µg/mL) of Vinblastine sulfate. Noticeable distortions were observed in the MCF-7 cell line mainly treated with PELChNPs, followed by PE alone. While ChNPs exhibited less effect on the morphology of the MCF-7 cell line. Antioxidant activity of ChNPs, PE, and PELChNPs was evaluated compared with Trolox, which reflected IC 50  = 118.33 ± 4.02, 85.63 ± 3.96, 36.80 ± 2.52 and 24.74 ± 0.45 µg/mL. Methyl gallate binding interactions were assessed using molecular docking with the MOE-Dock tool against the target crystal structures of Breast cancer cell line 3HB5. The results shed light on how molecular modeling techniques can inhibit methyl gallate with possible uses in treating breast cancer.

Despite the vital activity of many compounds, they lack that effectiveness due to their low solubility in water. Unfortunately, for this reason, rutin often leads to low tissue permeability and insufficient bioavailability, which has greatly limited its pharmacological utility. Therefore, the present investigation is designed to overcome this problem by formulating the rotin to rotin nanocrystals (RNCs) with studying their some pharmacological applications in vitro and in silico. RNCs were created via the ultrasonication approach and showed a spherical shape via Transmission electron microscopy with a mean particle size of 27 nm. RNCs reflected inhibitory action against Helicobacter pylori with an inhibition zone (IZ) of 22.67 mm compared to rutin (IZ of 18 mm) and standard control (IZ of 19.5 mm). RNCs exhibited less minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) (7.8 µg/mL) than rutin (62.5 µg/mL). The MBC/MIC index of rutin and RNCs indicated their bactericidal properties. RNCs were more acutely ( 92.12%) than rutin (85.43%) for inhibition the H. pylori biofilm formation. A promising half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) (6.85 µg/mL) was recorded using RNCs for urease inhibition compared to the IC 50 value of rutin (97.8 µg/mL). The activity of rutin and RNCs was tested against cancer cells of human colon cancer (HT-29) and normal Vero cells. IC 50 values of RNCs were less 168.23 ± 1.15 µg/mL and 297.69 ± 4.23 µg/mL than the IC 50 values of rutin 184.96 ± 4.33 µg/mL and 335.31 ± 2.02 µg/mL against HT-29 cells and normal Vero cells, respectively. Different percentages (72.2, 77.3, and 81.9%) of hemolysis inhibition were recorded using RNCs, but 63.6, 68.9, 73.6, and 80.6% were obtained using rutin at 600, 800, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition % was documented at a lower IC 50 value for RNCs (12.74 µg/mL) than the IC 50 of rutin (18.15 µg/mL). The target molecule underwent molecular docking research against H. pylori [Protein Data Bank (PDB) code: 4HI0], HT-29 cells (PDB code: 2HQ6), and BChE (PDB code: 6EMI) in order to enhance the interactions between rutin and the chosen receptors and to estimate its molecular operating environment (MOE) affinity scoring. Rutin has predicted strong binding interactions and potent activity against the examined proteins 4HI0, 2HQ6, and 6EMI with low binding scores of − 7.47778 kcal/mol, − 7.68511 kcal/mol, and − 9.50333 kcal/mol, respectively.

Biopolymers embedded with nanoparticles of metal oxides (MOs) demonstrate a wide range of bio-functions. Chitosan-incorporated MOs are an interesting class of support matrices for enhancing the biological function, compared to other support matrices. Therefore, the importance of this study lies in exploiting chitosan as a carrier not of one metal as in previous studies, but of two metals in the form of a nanocomposite to carry out several biological functions. The coprecipitation approach was employed to synthesize chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite in the present research. The characterization of chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite was performed to find out the morphology and dispersion properties of chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation revealed that these were crystalline. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectrum bands were viewed at 400/cm and 900/cm, due to the stretching vibration of Fe and Zn oxygen bond. TEM showed that chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite was of 20–95 nm in size. chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite exhibited inhibitory potential against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with inhibition zones of 25 ± 0.1, 28 ± 0.2, 27 ± 0.1, and 27 ± 0.2 mm, respectively while didn’t inhibited Aspergillus niger. MIC value of nanocomposite was 15.62 ± 0.33 µg/mL for C. albicans, B. subtilis and E. coli, while it was 62.50 ± 0.66 µg/mL for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ranged values of nanocomposite MBC (15.62 ± 0.33 to 125 ± 1 µg/mL) were attributed to all tested bacteria. Different concentrations of chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite MBC (25, 50, and 75%) reflected anti-biofilm activity against E. coli (85.0, 93.2, and 96.0%), B. subtilis (84.88, 92.21, and 96.99%), S. aureus 81.64, 90.52, and 94.64%) and P. aurogenosa (90.11, 94.43, and 98.24%), respectively. The differences in the levels of antimicrobial activities may depend on the type of examined microbes. Antioxidant activity of chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite was recorded with excellent IC50 values of 16.06 and 32.6 µg/mL using DPPH and ABTS scavenging, respectively. Wound heal by chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite was achieved with 100% compared to the untreated cells (76.75% of wound closer). The cytotoxicity outcomes showed that the IC50 of the chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite was 564.32 ± 1.46 µg/mL normal WI-38 cells. Based on the achieved findings, the chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite is a very promising agent for perform pharmacological activities.

Ozonized oils represent an excellent alternative as a food additive or for management of illness problems. Presently the mustard oil was ozonized and their chemical profile was estimated via GC-MS with evaluating biological activities. Differs in the chemical constituents were observed between non-ozonized mustard oil (NOMO) and ozonized mustard oil (OMO). Growth of E. faecalis , S. aureus , K. pneumoniae , S. typhi , and C. albicans was suppressed by OMO with higher inhibition zones 26.33 ± 1, 24.23 ± 1, 21.50 ± 2, 18.21 ± 1, and 26.50 ± 1 mm than NOMO (22.50 ± 1, 21.33 ± 2, 19.25 ± 1, 16.50 ± 2, and 26.00 ± 1 mm, respectively. Moreover, the MIC and MBC of OMO were less than that of NOMO against tested microorganisms. Time-kill kinetics cleared that OMO was more active than NOMO, where the tested bacteria except S. typhi were totally inhibited using OMO but not using NOMO at 150 min. the hemolytic caused by tested bacteria was minimized by high level employing OMO compared to NOMO. Best anti-inflammatory potential was associated OMO with IC 50 16.59 ± 0.7 and 22.91 ± 1.4 µg/mL, for COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition, while NOMO exhibited 18.68 ± 0.61 and 30.67 ± 1.0 µg/mL for COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition, respectively. DPPH scavenging documented the antioxidant activity of OMO (IC 50 50.75 ± 1.25 µg/mL) and NOMO (75.52 ± 1.66 µg/mL) seeming the effective of OMO. This study investigates the molecular docking of n-propyl-11-octadecenoate and 9-octadecenoic acid (z) ethyl ester (main detected compounds in mustard oil) against the structure of E. faecalis (PDB ID: 3UDI) using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software. Both ligands exhibited favorable docking scores, with 9-octadecenoic acid (z) ethyl ester showing stronger binding affinity (-10.0629 kcal/mol) compared to n-propyl-11-octadecenoate (-7.25862 to -7.61897 kcal/mol). Key interactions, including hydrogen bonds with residues ASN 489 (A) and GLY 709 (A), were identified, highlighting their potential as inhibitors targeting E. faecalis .

The use of eco-friendly methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles and its nano-composite has become a public demand nowadays to reduce the risks of chemical methods. In the current study, green synthesis of Cu-doped ZnO based polymers nan-ocomposite was performed. Various instrumental analysis including UV–vis, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, TEM and Thermal gravimetric were used to characterize nano-composite. Highly antibacterial activity of the synthesized nano-composite was recorded against tested microorganisms with promising efficacy against bacteria namely; Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus , Enterococcus faecalis , Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli , Salmonella typhimurium and yeast ( Candida albicans ) but unfortunately not against black fungus ( Mucor circinelloides ) and filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. niger. Anti-inflammatory of nano-composite represented by hemolysis inhibition was observed at using low concentration (100 µg/mL) with enhancing 23.85% compared with free nano-composite while at high concentrations 500 and1000 µg/mL the anti-inflammatory activity was approximately similar with enhancing 3.91% and 1.99%, respectively. Antioxidant of the nano-composite was better than the antioxidant of free nano-composite at all tested concentrations, moreover the IC 50 of the nano-composite (91.16 µg/mL) was less than the IC 50 , (203.65 µg/mL) of the free nano-composite.

Bile salts play crucial roles in lipid digestion and metabolism, with emerging evidence suggesting their involvement in cell signaling, wound healing, and potential antimicrobial activities. The analysis of bile salts revealed diverse compounds, including fatty acids, methyl esters, glycerol, flavonoids and steroidal derivatives. These findings suggest that the identified compounds are byproducts of lipid metabolism and may reflect dietary influences within the sample. Bile salts demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against resistant and common pathogens. Against MRSA, they produced an inhibition zone of 22 ± 0.33 mm, surpassing the standard (18 ± 0.8 mm), indicating strong efficacy. For S. aureus and S. epidermidis , bile salts showed robust inhibition zones of 28 ± 1.25 mm and 29 ± 1.66 mm, respectively, exceeding the activity of the reference standard. Additionally, bile salts exhibited effective antifungal activity against C. albicans , C. tropicalis , and C. glabrata , with zones of 23 to 28 mm. According to the MIC and MBC/MFC results, bile salts were more effective against S. aureus and MRSA than S. epidermidis , C. glabrata was the most resistant among the tested Candida species. Bile salts significantly enhanced HFB4 cell migration and wound closure over 48 h, showing a 57.58% closure compared to 31.23% in the control group, indicating their potential to promote healing. However, bile salts exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity on Vero cells (CCL-81) and A-431 cells (IC 50 ≈ 74 µg/mL). The similar IC 50 values indicate low selectivity and a limited therapeutic window, which constrains their anticancer potential at the current stage of investigation. The cell cycle analysis of A-431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells demonstrated that treatment with bile salts induced significant cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Compared to the control group, which showed the majority of cells in the G0/G1 phase (82.04%), bile salt-treated cells exhibited a marked increase in the G2/M population (from 0.81 to 8.63%). These findings highlight the multifaceted bioactivity of bile salts and underscore their relevance in both antimicrobial and anticancer research. Given their broad-spectrum efficacy and bioactive profile, bile salts represent a promising candidate for further therapeutic development and clinical investigation.

The use of medicinal plants as an effective source of therapeutic compounds has become increasingly urgent due to the spread of serious diseases, particularly those caused by resistant pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the bioactivity of ginseng oil extract exposed to ultraviolet (UV-C) radiation for 0, 30, and 60 min was evaluated. Ginseng oil extract exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Salmonella typhi , and Candida albicans , but not Aspergillus niger at 0, 30, and 60 min. The MICs of the ginseng oil extract after UV-C exposure at 0, 30, and 60 min were 125, 62.5, and 31.25 µg/ml for B. subtilis; 125, 125, and 62.5 µg/ml for S. aureus; 250, 125, and 31.25 µg/ml for K. pneumoniae; 125, 62.5, and 15.62 µg/ml for S. typhi; 62.5, 15.62 and 15.62 µg/ml for C. albicans , respectively. Ginseng oil extract exposed to UV-C for 60 min showed the lowest MBC values compared to exposure at 0 and 30 min. Different concentrations of ginseng oil extract showed anti-inflammatory activity compared to sodium dodecyl sulfate as a standard, in addition to anti-biofilm activity compared to blank and control at different time intervals of UV-C exposure. Based on GC-MS analysis, ginseng oil extract contains 24 components for 0 and 30 min, while it contains 29 components for 60 min. The dominant components are hexadecanoic acid methyl ester; 9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride; n-hexadecanoic acid; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) methyl ester; 9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid; 9-octadecenoic acid; oleic acid; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-; 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester; and (+)-Sesamin. Different concentrations of ginseng oil extract exhibited anti-inflammatory activity compared with sodium dodecyl sulfate (standard), as well as anti-biofilm activity relative to blank and untreated controls across the various UV-C exposure times.

Pathogenic microorganisms, ovarian cancer, and inflammation represent significant health challenges, as infections can disrupt the vaginal microbiome, chronic inflammation contributes to cancer progression. This study explored the enhancement of the therapeutic efficacy of vaginal wash (VW) incorporate chitosan nanoparticles (Chit) (VW + Chit) to create a multifunctional formulation targeting microbial infections, inflammation, and ovarian cancer. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry analysis identified 42 chemical constituents in the vaginal wash, including bioactive alcohols, esters, ethers, and fatty acids, with major components including 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester (24.83%) and Diethylene glycol monododecyl ether (7.10%). Transmission electron microscopy imaging revealed that VW + Chit nanoparticles exhibited improved morphology, reduced agglomeration, and increased particle size (~ 41 nm), indicating successful interaction and encapsulation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed strong intermolecular bonding between chitosan and vaginal wash components, suggesting enhanced structural stability. Antimicrobial testing showed that VW + Chit achieved significantly greater inhibition zones and lower MIC/MBC/MFC values across multiple pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus aureus , Enterococcus faecalis , and Candida albicans , outperforming both its individual components and standard antibiotics. The formulation VW + Chit also demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory activity, with COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition reaching 92.9% and 94.3%, with lowest IC₅₀ values 20.92 ± 0.1 and 9.23 ± 0.1 µg/mL, respectively compared to IC₅₀ values of utilize VW (47.52 ± 0.4 and 43.73 ± 0.1 µg/mL) and Chit alone (27.39 ± 0.1 and 21.67 ± 0.1 µg/mL), respectively. Cytotoxicity assays on SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells revealed that VW + Chit exerted the strongest dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, with the lowest IC₅₀ (147.3 µg/mL) and significant G1 phase cell cycle arrest, indicating antiproliferative potential. In conclusion, the VW + Chit composite shows enhanced antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic formulation. These findings warrant further investigation through formulation refinement and in vivo studies to validate its clinical applicability for gynecological use.

Background: In the last few decades, the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microbes has accelerated alarmingly and resulted in significant health issues. Morbidity and mortality have increased along with the prevalence of infections caused by MDR bacteria, making the need to solve these problems an urgent and unmet challenge. Therefore, the current investigation aimed to evaluate the activity of linseed extract against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as an isolate from diabetic foot infection. In addition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biological activities of linseed extract were evaluated. Result: HPLC analysis indicated the presence of 1932.20 µg/mL, 284.31 µg/mL, 155.10 µg/mL, and 120.86 µg/mL of chlorogenic acid, methyl gallate, gallic acid, and ellagic acid, respectively, in the linseed extract. Rutin, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, and vanillin were also detected in the extract of linseed. Linseed extract inhibited MRSA (35.67 mm inhibition zone) compared to the inhibition zone (29.33 mm) caused by ciprofloxacin. Standards of chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, methyl gallate, rutin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and coumaric acid compounds reflected different inhibition zones against MRSA when tested individually, but less than the inhibitory action of crude extract. A lower MIC value, of 15.41 µg/mL, was observed using linseed extract than the MIC 31.17 µg/mL of the ciprofloxacin. The MBC/MIC index indicated the bactericidal properties of linseed extract. The inhibition % of MRSA biofilm was 83.98, 90.80, and 95.58%, using 25%, 50%, and 75%, respectively, of the MBC of linseed extract. A promising antioxidant activity of linseed extract was recorded, with an IC50 value of 20.8 µg/mL. Anti-diabetic activity of linseed extract, expressed by glucosidase inhibition, showed an IC50 of 177.75 µg/mL. Anti-hemolysis activity of linseed extract was documented at 90.1, 91.5, and 93.7% at 600, 800, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. Anti-hemolysis activity of the chemical drug indomethacin, on the other hand, was measured at 94.6, 96.2, and 98.6% at 600, 800, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. The interaction of the main detected compound in linseed extract (chlorogenic acid) with the crystal structure of the 4G6D protein of S. aureus was investigated via the molecular docking (MD) mode to determine the greatest binding approach that interacted most energetically with the binding locations. MD showed that chlorogenic acid was an appropriate inhibitor for S. aureus via inhibition of its 4HI0 protein. The MD interaction resulted in a low energy score (−6.26841 Kcal/mol) with specified residues (PRO 38, LEU 3, LYS 195, and LYS 2), indicating its essential role in the repression of S. aureus growth. Conclusion: Altogether, these findings clearly revealed the great potential of the in vitro biological activity of linseed extract as a safe source for combatting multidrug-resistant S. aureus. In addition, linseed extract provides health-promoting antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory phytoconstituents. Clinical reports are required to authenticate the role of linseed extract in the treatment of a variety of ailments and prevent the development of complications associated with diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2.

Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) is a perennial leguminous crop grown worldwide. This study aims to investigate the chemical composition and pharmaceutical applications of peanut oil using experimental methods for both crude peanut oil and its ozonized form. The peanut oil was exposed to ozone for five hours at flow rates ranging from 0 to 7 L/min to complete the ozonization process. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was employed to analyze the chemical composition of peanut oil. The antimicrobial activity of the two oil forms was evaluated against Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Salmonella typhi , Candida albicans , and Aspergillus niger . The protein denaturation assay was used to assess anti-inflammatory properties, while the DPPH assay was employed to evaluate antioxidant activity. Cytotoxicity was tested using normal human fibroblast cells (WI-38) and colon cancer cells. The results revealed that exposure to ozone altered the chemical composition of the oil, increasing the number of identifiable molecules from 10 in the crude oil to 29 in the ozonized form. A significant enhancement in the antimicrobial activity of the crude oil was observed after ozonization. Moreover, ozonization notably increased the oil’s antioxidant capacity with IC 50 13.06 ± 0.6 µg/mL, while crude oil provide IC 50 23.37 ± 0.3 µg/mL compared to IC 50 standard ascorbic acid (3.08 ± 0.4 µg/mL) as well as its anticancer (IC 50 was 7.31 ± 0.21 and 15.09 ± 0.37 µg/mL against colon carcinoma cells, IC 50 was 29.49 ± 2.03 and 24.68 ± 1.44 µg/mL against lung fibroblast normal cells employing crude oil and ozonized oil, respectively) anti-inflammatory potential.