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This mirror for princes sheds light on the relationship between spiritual and political authority in early modern Egypt This guide to political behavior and expediency offers advice to Sufi shaykhs, or spiritual guides, on how to interact and negotiate with powerful secular officials, judges, and treasurers, or emirs. Translated into English for the first time, it is a unique account of the relationship between spiritual and political authority in late medieval / early modern Islamic society.

A systematic assessment was done to examine the effect of HIV interventions among MSM in Dhaka, Bangladesh. MSM were defined as males having sex with males but did not sell sex in the last year. MSM are hidden, marginalized and stigmatized population groups not only in Bangladesh but also globally. In 2010, HIV interventions for MSM were expanded in 40 districts of Bangladesh through 65 drop-in-centres (DICs) and peer outreach workers. Data from two surveys on MSM in Dhaka in 2010 (baseline) and 2013 (midline) were used to analyse the effect of ongoing HIV prevention services. Both surveys used time location sampling to randomly select MSM for risk behaviour interviews. Two outcome variables were considered; condom use in the last anal sex act and consistent condom use during anal sex in the last month. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods were used to determine factors associated with condom use. Condom use significantly increased at the midline than baseline (p<0.001 for both). Multivariate analysis showed that having comprehensive knowledge of HIV and participation in HIV prevention programme were positively associated with both last time and consistent condom use. MSM who had comprehensive knowledge of HIV were 1.9 times (95% CI: 1.3-2.8, p = 0.002) and 2.1 times (95% CI: 1.4-3.2, p<0.001) more likely to use condoms than those who did not have comprehensive knowledge of HIV. The likelihood of using condoms among MSM was more than double at the midline than the baseline (p<0.01 for both). However, odds of condom use was significantly lower among those who perceived themselves to be at risk or were not able to assess their own risk of HIV. To sustain positive changes in HIV risk behaviours, HIV prevention programmes for MSM need to be continued and strengthened.

Key populations (KPs) who are at risk of compromised situation of sexual and reproductive health and rights in Bangladesh constitute including males having sex with males, male sex workers, transgender women (locally known as hijra) and female sex workers. Globally, these key populations experience various sexual and reproductive health and rights burdens and unmet needs for ailments such as sexually transmitted infections including Neisseria Gonorrhoea, Chlamydia Trachomatis and human papillomavirus. Most key population focused interventions around the world, including Bangladesh, primarily address human immune deficiency virus and sexually transmitted infections-related concerns and provide syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections, other sexual and reproductive health and rights issues are remained overlooked that creates a lack of information in the related areas. There is currently no systematic research in Bangladesh that can produce representative data on sexual and reproductive health and rights among key populations, investigates their sexual and reproductive health and rights needs, how their needs evolve, and investigate underlying factors of sexual and reproductive health and rights issues that is crucial for informing more sexual and reproductive health and rights-friendly interventions for key populations. Keeping all these issues in mind, we are proposing to establish a sexual and reproductive health and rights surveillance system for key populations in Bangladesh. The sexual and reproductive health and rights surveillance system will be established in Dhaka for males having sex with males, male sex workers and transgender women, and the other in Jashore for female sex workers. The duration will be for 3 years and data will be collected twice, in year one and year two adopting a mixed method repeated cross-sectional design. All key populations 15 years and above will be sampled. Behavioural data will be collected adopting a face-to-face technique and then biological samples will be collected. Those who will be found positive for human papillomavirus, will be referred to a government hospital for treatment. Free treatment will be provided to those who will be found positive for other sexually transmitted infections. In total, 2,240 key populations will be sampled. Written assent/consent will be taken from everyone. Data will be entered by Epi-Info and analysed by Stata. Report will be produced in every year. This surveillance system will be the first of its kind to systematically assess the situation of sexual and reproductive health and rights among selected key populations in Bangladesh. It is expected that this study will provide insights needed for improving the existing sexual and reproductive health and rights intervention modalities for these vulnerable and marginalized key populations.

A systematic assessment was done to examine the effect of HIV interventions among MSM in Dhaka, Bangladesh. MSM were defined as males having sex with males but did not sell sex in the last year. MSM are hidden, marginalized and stigmatized population groups not only in Bangladesh but also globally. In 2010, HIV interventions for MSM were expanded in 40 districts of Bangladesh through 65 drop-in-centres (DICs) and peer outreach workers. Data from two surveys on MSM in Dhaka in 2010 (baseline) and 2013 (midline) were used to analyse the effect of ongoing HIV prevention services. Both surveys used time location sampling to randomly select MSM for risk behaviour interviews. Two outcome variables were considered; condom use in the last anal sex act and consistent condom use during anal sex in the last month. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods were used to determine factors associated with condom use. Condom use significantly increased at the midline than baseline (p<0.001 for both). Multivariate analysis showed that having comprehensive knowledge of HIV and participation in HIV prevention programme were positively associated with both last time and consistent condom use. MSM who had comprehensive knowledge of HIV were 1.9 times (95% CI: 1.3-2.8, p = 0.002) and 2.1 times (95% CI: 1.4-3.2, p<0.001) more likely to use condoms than those who did not have comprehensive knowledge of HIV. The likelihood of using condoms among MSM was more than double at the midline than the baseline (p<0.01 for both). However, odds of condom use was significantly lower among those who perceived themselves to be at risk or were not able to assess their own risk of HIV. To sustain positive changes in HIV risk behaviours, HIV prevention programmes for MSM need to be continued and strengthened.

Acceptance sampling is the statistical method used to accept or reject product based on a random sample of the products. When done correctly, accepting sampling is effective for quality control. The acceptance number (c) and the sample size (n) are the basic objectives of any sampling plan. This study aims to construct two goal programing models for the determination of (n) and (c) with regard to four conflicting criteria. It applies non-linear integer goal programing techniques. The first model is assumed, a known and constant lot fraction defective, whereas the other model expected that it is a random variable having a Gamma prior distribution. The resulting two models were non-linear integer goal programing models. Consequently, these models could be worked out using any non-linear integer goal programing package.

The factors associated with small industrial business have a significant impact on their performance and they need to be determined considering their contribution to the business performance. This study aims to recognize a set of variables that have the paramount impact on the performance of small industrial business. It also constructs a statistical model that is used to estimate the probability of faltering for any small industrial enterprise, and to determine its expected survival time. It applies cluster analysis to classify depending on variables, i.e., faltering and non faltering using Cox's regression model. Incredibly, the obtained results show that (i) the most influential variables affecting the success or failure of a small industrial business are: establishment expenses, workers wages, and cost of marketing products, (ii) the maximum degree of risk to small industrial business was during the fifth, sixth and seventh years, and the average lifetime of a small industrial enterprise ranged from 8 to 9 years. The results indicate that stakeholders must consider the faltering variables when making business decisions and looking into the policies implementation after the ninth year of the variables adoption.

This study investigates the effect of reading on-line English local newspaper headlines (Jordan Times) on university EFL students' reading skills in English. A survey questionnaire was distributed to check whether students are used to reading newspapers in English or not. The sample consists of 47 students of English Language Classroom Teacher major at Al-al-Bayt University enrolled in CALL course during the second semester 2007/2008. This sample is assigned to form two experimental groups and a control group who received training into three internet service labs at the University campus. The first group was trained to read and analyze the grammatical features of on-line local newspapers headlines in English; the second received training on how to read, and translate on-line local newspapers headlines via using the available on-line free machine translation systems; then to compare the output with its equivalent in local Arabic newspapers; whereas the control group followed the syllabus of CALL Course for EFL students. An achievement test was administered as a pre and a post test to measure the students' progress in English. The findings revealed that there are significant differences at (α =0.05) due to the effect of reading on-line English local newspaper headlines on both experimental groups. In the light of this result, reading newspaper headlines via the internet is recommended for use in EFL classes.

Marine ecosystems provide vital resources for humans and habitat for a vast number of other species. However, these ecosystems are being extensively degraded by human activities, and without effective management, will be unable to provide for humans or other species. In Trinidad and Tobago, as in other countries, one of the major obstacles to effective environmental management is a lack of appropriate information. This thesis aims to enhance the management of cetaceans in Trinidad and Tobago by providing much needed information on cetacean species within the country's EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone). Cetacean species diversity and distribution in Trinidad and Tobago is examined through the collation and verification of records from multiple data sources including systematic surveys, reports, skeletal remains, strandings and social media posts. This research provides the first comprehensive overview of the knowledge of cetacean species around Trinidad and Tobago through a verified cetacean species list, estimation of species diversity from local data and maps of species occurrence records. Species Distribution Models were developed for four species (Humpback Whales, Bottlenose Dolphins, Atlantic Spotted Dolphins and Rough-toothed Dolphins) which provide the first estimates of cetacean species distribution across the Trinidad and Tobago EEZ and identify possible cetacean species richness hotspots around the country. Fisher interviews were used to examine the threat posed by artisanal fisheries within the Trinidad and Tobago EEZ and provide the first comprehensive information on cetacean-fisheries interactions for the country. Hunting, depredation (a behaviour in which foraging cetaceans damage or remove catch or bait from fishing gear) and bycatch were all reported in the area. Bycatch was identified as the greatest threat posed by artisanal fisheries locally and analysis indicated that fishing with gillnets or fishing on the south coast of Trinidad with any gear increased the risk of bycatch. The findings of this study were used to recommend actions to improve cetacean management in Trinidad and Tobago, including the creation of a cetacean data management system, the development of a cetacean research programme to guide future research and mitigation of anthropogenic threats on the continental shelf, including cetacean bycatch in artisanal fisheries.

Background Key populations (KPs) who are at risk of compromised situation of sexual and reproductive health and rights in Bangladesh constitute including males having sex with males, male sex workers, transgender women (locally known as hijra) and female sex workers. Globally, these key populations experience various sexual and reproductive health and rights burdens and unmet needs for ailments such as sexually transmitted infections including Neisseria Gonorrhoea, Chlamydia Trachomatis and human papillomavirus. Most key population focused interventions around the world, including Bangladesh, primarily address human immune deficiency virus and sexually transmitted infections-related concerns and provide syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections, other sexual and reproductive health and rights issues are remained overlooked that creates a lack of information in the related areas. There is currently no systematic research in Bangladesh that can produce representative data on sexual and reproductive health and rights among key populations, investigates their sexual and reproductive health and rights needs, how their needs evolve, and investigate underlying factors of sexual and reproductive health and rights issues that is crucial for informing more sexual and reproductive health and rights-friendly interventions for key populations. Keeping all these issues in mind, we are proposing to establish a sexual and reproductive health and rights surveillance system for key populations in Bangladesh. Method The sexual and reproductive health and rights surveillance system will be established in Dhaka for males having sex with males, male sex workers and transgender women, and the other in Jashore for female sex workers. The duration will be for 3 years and data will be collected twice, in year one and year two adopting a mixed method repeated cross-sectional design. All key populations 15 years and above will be sampled. Behavioural data will be collected adopting a face-to-face technique and then biological samples will be collected. Those who will be found positive for human papillomavirus, will be referred to a government hospital for treatment. Free treatment will be provided to those who will be found positive for other sexually transmitted infections. In total, 2,240 key populations will be sampled. Written assent/consent will be taken from everyone. Data will be entered by Epi-Info and analysed by Stata. Report will be produced in every year. Discussion This surveillance system will be the first of its kind to systematically assess the situation of sexual and reproductive health and rights among selected key populations in Bangladesh. It is expected that this study will provide insights needed for improving the existing sexual and reproductive health and rights intervention modalities for these vulnerable and marginalized key populations.

Key populations (KPs) who are at risk of compromised situation of sexual and reproductive health and rights in Bangladesh constitute including males having sex with males, male sex workers, transgender women (locally known as hijra) and female sex workers. Globally, these key populations experience various sexual and reproductive health and rights burdens and unmet needs for ailments such as sexually transmitted infections including Neisseria Gonorrhoea, Chlamydia Trachomatis and human papillomavirus. Most key population focused interventions around the world, including Bangladesh, primarily address human immune deficiency virus and sexually transmitted infections-related concerns and provide syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections, other sexual and reproductive health and rights issues are remained overlooked that creates a lack of information in the related areas. There is currently no systematic research in Bangladesh that can produce representative data on sexual and reproductive health and rights among key populations, investigates their sexual and reproductive health and rights needs, how their needs evolve, and investigate underlying factors of sexual and reproductive health and rights issues that is crucial for informing more sexual and reproductive health and rights-friendly interventions for key populations. Keeping all these issues in mind, we are proposing to establish a sexual and reproductive health and rights surveillance system for key populations in Bangladesh. The sexual and reproductive health and rights surveillance system will be established in Dhaka for males having sex with males, male sex workers and transgender women, and the other in Jashore for female sex workers. The duration will be for 3 years and data will be collected twice, in year one and year two adopting a mixed method repeated cross-sectional design. All key populations 15 years and above will be sampled. Behavioural data will be collected adopting a face-to-face technique and then biological samples will be collected. Those who will be found positive for human papillomavirus, will be referred to a government hospital for treatment. Free treatment will be provided to those who will be found positive for other sexually transmitted infections. In total, 2,240 key populations will be sampled. Written assent/consent will be taken from everyone. Data will be entered by Epi-Info and analysed by Stata. Report will be produced in every year. This surveillance system will be the first of its kind to systematically assess the situation of sexual and reproductive health and rights among selected key populations in Bangladesh. It is expected that this study will provide insights needed for improving the existing sexual and reproductive health and rights intervention modalities for these vulnerable and marginalized key populations.