Explore the vast range of titles available.

In engineering and decision sciences, trapezoidal-valued neutrosophic fuzzy numbers (TzVNFNs) have become effective tools for managing imprecision and uncertainty in multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problems. This work introduces accumulation operators based on the Dombi t-norm (DTn) and Dombi t-conorm (DTcn) specifically designed for TzVNFNs. These operators enhance the flexibility, consistency, and fairness of the aggregation process. To demonstrate their practical applicability, we propose three novel geometric aggregation operator’s namely, the trapezoidal-valued neutrosophic fuzzy Dombi weighted geometric (TzVNFDWG), the trapezoidal-valued neutrosophic fuzzy Dombi ordered weighted geometric (TzVNFDOWG), and the trapezoidal-valued neutrosophic fuzzy Dombi hybrid Geometric (TzVNFDHG) operators. These are incorporated into a systematic MAGDM framework to support the selection of optimal locations for charging stations. Comparative analysis with current decision-making methodologies highlights the efficacy and benefits of the suggested method. The suggested method provides a flexible and mathematically based choice framework designed for uncertain condition.

Due to its ability to address power outages, smart grids are regarded as one of the energy solutions in the modern world. Because they integrate free energy resources into the distribution network and save a significant amount of energy. Electric buses and other electric cars can now be used as both a source of energy and a mode of transportation. In this article, we proposed an integrated decision model for energy management and vehicle routing, which enables the dispatching of electric buses in an adaptive manner to meet transportation and energy demands. This model is the first of its kind, as there is no literature that addresses transportation and energy issues simultaneously, under spatial and temporal complexities, which is the main contribution of this model. This study assumes that the electric bus has various distributed energy resources installed on it, such as a battery and a solar panel. Electric buses use electricity while they travel in order to carry people and deliver energy to other places. A mixed-integer linear programming method has been used to model and solve this problem. This study used performance metrics such as energy expenses, carbon footprints, and traffic volume. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the electric bus network offers greater flexibility when it comes to distributing energy loads among various sites at various times. Since, it can save up to $40,000 in operating costs, reduce CO 2 by up to 40 tons, and cut down on traffic by 16k automobiles.

The oral route is the most common route for drug administration. It is the most preferred route, due to its advantages, such as non-invasiveness, patient compliance and convenience of drug administration. Various factors govern oral drug absorption including drug solubility, mucosal permeability, and stability in the gastrointestinal tract environment. Attempts to overcome these factors have focused on understanding the physicochemical, biochemical, metabolic and biological barriers which limit the overall drug bioavailability. Different pharmaceutical technologies and drug delivery systems including nanocarriers, micelles, cyclodextrins and lipid-based carriers have been explored to enhance oral drug absorption. To this end, this review will discuss the physiological, and pharmaceutical barriers influencing drug bioavailability for the oral route of administration, as well as the conventional and novel drug delivery strategies. The challenges and development aspects of pediatric formulations will also be addressed.

Cell death with morphological and molecular features of apoptosis has been detected in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage, which suggests a key role for chondrocyte death/survival in the pathogenesis of OA. Identification of biomarkers of chondrocyte apoptosis may facilitate the development of novel therapies that may eliminate the cause or, at least, slow down the degenerative processes in OA. The aim of this review was to explore the molecular markers and signals that induce chondrocyte apoptosis in OA. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar using the keywords chondrocyte death, apoptosis, osteoarthritis, autophagy and biomarker. Several molecules considered to be markers of chondrocyte apoptosis will be discussed in this brief review. Molecular markers and signalling pathways associated with chondroycte apoptosis may turn out to be therapeutic targets in OA and approaches aimed at neutralizing apoptosis-inducing molecules may at least delay the progression of cartilage degeneration in OA.

The Brain Tumor presents a highly critical situation concerning the brain, characterized by the uncontrolled growth of an abnormal cell cluster. Early brain tumor detection is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning. In this paper, a novel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based Graph Neural Network (GNN) model is proposed using the publicly available Brain Tumor dataset from Kaggle to predict whether a person has brain tumor or not and if yes then which type (Meningioma, Pituitary or Glioma). The objective of this research and the proposed models is to provide a solution to the non-consideration of non-Euclidean distances in image data and the inability of conventional models to learn on pixel similarity based upon the pixel proximity. To solve this problem, we have proposed a Graph based Convolutional Neural Network (GCNN) model and it is found that the proposed model solves the problem of considering non-Euclidean distances in images. We aimed at improving brain tumor detection and classification using a novel technique which combines GNN and a 26 layered CNN that takes in a Graph input pre-convolved using Graph Convolution operation. The objective of Graph Convolution is to modify the node features (data linked to each node) by combining information from nearby nodes. A standard pre-computed Adjacency matrix is used, and the input graphs were updated as the averaged sum of local neighbor nodes, which carry the regional information about the tumor. These modified graphs are given as the input matrices to a standard 26 layered CNN with Batch Normalization and Dropout layers intact. Five different networks namely Net-0, Net-1, Net-2, Net-3 and Net-4 are proposed, and it is found that Net-2 outperformed the other networks namely Net-0, Net-1, Net-3 and Net-4. The highest accuracy achieved was 95.01% by Net-2. With its current effectiveness, the model we propose represents a critical alternative for the statistical detection of brain tumors in patients who are suspected of having one.

One of the essential stages in increasing cyber security is implementing an effective security awareness program. This work studies the present level of security knowledge among Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University college students. A module was created to assist the students in becoming more informed. The main contribution of this work is an assessment of cybersecurity awareness among the university students based on three essential aspects: password security, browser security, and social media. Numerous questions were designed and sent to them to evaluate their awareness. The current survey received as many as 450 responses with their answers. Various statistical analyses were applied to the responses, including the validity and reliability test, feasibility test of a variable, correlation test, multicollinearity test, multiple regression, and heteroskedasticity test, carried out using SPSS. Furthermore, a multiple linear regression model and coefficient of determination, a hypothesis test, ANOVA test, and a partial test using ANOVA were also carried out. The hypothesis investigated here concerns password security, browser security, and social media. The results of partial hypothesis testing using a t-test showed that the password security variable significantly affects cybersecurity awareness (p-value = 0.0001). The regression coefficient of the password security variable in the multiple linear regression model was found to have a beta value of 0.147. In addition, the browser security variable significantly affects awareness, with a p-value = 0.0001. The regression coefficient of the password security variable had a beta value of 0.188. The social media activities variable significantly affects cybersecurity awareness (p-value = 0.0001). The regression coefficient of the social media activities variable had a beta value of 0.241. Based on the research conducted, it is concluded that knowledge of password security, browser security, and social media activities significantly influences cybersecurity awareness in students. Overall, students have realized the importance of cybersecurity awareness.

Most people who suffer acute injuries in accidents have fractured bones. Many of the basic processes that take place during embryonic skeletal development are replicated throughout the regeneration process that occurs during this time. Bruises and bone fractures, for example, serve as excellent examples. It almost always results in a successful recovery and restoration of the structural integrity and strength of the broken bone. After a fracture, the body begins to regenerate bone. Bone formation is a complex physiological process that requires meticulous planning and execution. A normal healing procedure for a fracture might reveal how the bone is constantly rebuilding as an adult. Bone regeneration is becoming more dependent on polymer nanocomposites, which are composites made up of a polymer matrix and a nanomaterial. This study will review polymer nanocomposites that are employed in bone regeneration to stimulate bone regeneration. As a result, we will introduce the role of bone regeneration nanocomposite scaffolds, and the nanocomposite ceramics and biomaterials that play a role in bone regeneration. Aside from that, recent advances in polymer nanocomposites might be used in a variety of industrial processes to help people with bone defects overcome their challenges will be discussed.

Telomeres maintain genomic integrity in normal cells, and their progressive shortening during successive cell divisions induces chromosomal instability. In the large majority of cancer cells, telomere length is maintained by telomerase. Thus, telomere length and telomerase activity are crucial for cancer initiation and the survival of tumors. Several pathways that regulate telomere length have been identified, and genome-scale studies have helped in mapping genes that are involved in telomere length control. Additionally, genomic screening for recurrent human telomerase gene hTERT promoter mutations and mutations in genes involved in the alternative lengthening of telomeres pathway, such as ATRX and DAXX , has elucidated how these genomic changes contribute to the activation of telomere maintenance mechanisms in cancer cells. Attempts have also been made to develop telomere length- and telomerase-based diagnostic tools and anticancer therapeutics. Recent efforts have revealed key aspects of telomerase assembly, intracellular trafficking and recruitment to telomeres for completing DNA synthesis, which may provide novel targets for the development of anticancer agents. Here, we summarize telomere organization and function and its role in oncogenesis. We also highlight genomic mutations that lead to reactivation of telomerase, and mechanisms of telomerase reconstitution and trafficking that shed light on its function in cancer initiation and tumor development. Additionally, recent advances in the clinical development of telomerase inhibitors, as well as potential novel targets, will be summarized.

There is an increasing number of studies in the literature on the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), indicating its high prevalence. This study sought to investigate the reliability of the ADHD Rating Scale-5 (ADHD-RS-5) for adolescents in Saudi Arabia as a valid screening tool for this age group. Furthermore, it aimed to calculate the cutoff score for screening for ADHD in the Saudi environment to provide a reliable tool that helps specialists assessing for ADHD among adolescents.This study applied a descriptive approach to verify the reliability of the ADHD-RS-5 in the Saudi environment. The sample consisted of 477 parents and 1284 teachers of Saudi and non-Saudi adolescents (aged 13 to below 20 years) residing in Riyadh, Makkah, and the Eastern Province. Both forms of the ADHD-RS-5 (home and school) were applied to the sample under supervision of the Saudi ADHD Society. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 26), JASP (version 0.18.3.0), and MedCalc statistical software (version 22.030).Confirmatory factor analysis results revealed acceptable goodness-of-fit indicators for the home and school forms of the ADHD-RS-5. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for both forms were found to be positive and statistically significant ( p  > 0.001); the coefficient values ranged between 0.669 and 0.921 for the home form and between 0.795 and 0.954 for the school form. In addition, Cronbach’s α coefficient values ​​for inattention, hyperactivity, impairment, and the scale’s total score for the home form were 0.919, 0.913, 0.952, and 0.952, respectively, while for the school form were 0.955, 0.944, 0.969, and 0.981, respectively. Cronbach’s α coefficient values ​​were close to the values ​​of the McDonald’s ω for the home form (0.920, 0.914, 0.953, and 0.965, respectively) and for the school form (0.955, 0.939, 0.968, and 0.977, respectively). These results indicate that the ADHD-RS-5, both home and school forms, and its subscales have good Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s ω coefficients. The findings also showed that the prevalence of ADHD among adolescents in Saudi Arabia was 5.03% based on the home form and 5.92% based on the school form. The cutoff value to screen for ADHD in adolescents in the Saudi environment for the home form was > 30, with a sensitivity of 91.67% (95% confidence level [CL] = 73–99), a specificity of 86.98% (95% CL = 83.5–89.9), and 81.29% accuracy. However, the cutoff score in the school form was > 28, with a sensitivity of 94.74% (CL = 81.1–98.5), a specificity of 89.65% (CL = 87.8–91.3), and 86.46% accuracy.The current findings suggest that the Arabic version of the ADHD-RS-5-AR has strong psychometric properties, with good indicators of internal consistency and reliability. This study provides valuable information for the national ADHD survey planned to be carried out in 2024–2025. It will also support the preventive efforts in Saudi Arabia and Saudi Vision 2030 in achieving its goals related to the quality of life and well-being of community members of all ages as well as the goals of sustainable development.

Nuxia oppositifolia is traditionally used in diabetes treatment in many Arabian countries; however, scientific evidence is lacking. Hence, the present study explored the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of the plant extracts and their purified compounds. The methanolic crude extract of N. oppositifolia was partitioned using a two-solvent system. The n-hexane fraction was purified by silica gel column chromatography to yield several compounds including katononic acid and 3-oxolupenal. Antidiabetic activities were assessed by α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition. Antioxidant capacities were examined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging assays. Further, the interaction between enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and ligands (3-oxolupenal and katononic acid) was followed by fluorescence quenching and molecular docking studies. 3-oxolupenal and katononic acid showed IC50 values of 46.2 μg/mL (101.6 µM) and 52.4 μg/mL (119.3 µM), respectively against the amylase inhibition. 3-oxolupenal (62.3 µg/mL or 141.9 μM) exhibited more potent inhibition against α-glucosidases compared to katononic acid (88.6 µg/mL or 194.8 μM). In terms of antioxidant activity, the relatively polar crude extract and n-butanol fraction showed the greatest DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity. However, the antioxidant activities of the purified compounds were in the low to moderate range. Molecular docking studies confirmed that 3-oxolupenal and katononic acid interacted strongly with the active site residues of both α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Fluorescence quenching results also suggest that 3-oxolupenal and katononic acid have a good affinity towards both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. This study provides preliminary data for the plant’s use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.