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The present study foregrounds background information on attitudes towards acceptance of English language and educational opportunities in non-English speaking nations from a historical and contemporary viewpoint. The relevance of ELF-informed perspectives in non-ELF-speaking contexts is then discussed, both from an educational and a business/professional standpoint. Using English as a common language globally presents an unprecedented challenge for stakeholders in the 21st century. The paper focuses on the divergent policies related to English language. It investigates several countries' status, their practitioners, and people's viewpoints regarding the widespread use of the English language and the diversity of societies and cultures. The objective is to investigate how accessible non-native speakers are to newer speakers and alternatives that might work for their working atmosphere to provide some recommendations for them. The purpose is to determine if they are willing to use more modern pedagogical approaches appropriate for their teaching environment and to make recommendations for non-native people's development programmes. Recent years have seen a rise in interest in studying English as a lingua franca (ELF), which has produced some fascinating findings regarding how non-native speakers of English interact with other non-native speakers.

Assembling future large-scale quantum computers out of smaller, specialized modules promises to simplify a number of formidable science and engineering challenges. One of the primary challenges in developing a modular architecture is in engineering high fidelity, low-latency quantum interconnects between modules. Here we demonstrate a modular solid state architecture with deterministic inter-module coupling between four physically separate, interchangeable superconducting qubit integrated circuits, achieving two-qubit gate fidelities as high as 99.1 ± 0.5% and 98.3 ± 0.3% for iSWAP and CZ entangling gates, respectively. The quality of the inter-module entanglement is further confirmed by a demonstration of Bell-inequality violation for disjoint pairs of entangled qubits across the four separate silicon dies. Having proven out the fundamental building blocks, this work provides the technological foundations for a modular quantum processor: technology which will accelerate near-term experimental efforts and open up new paths to the fault-tolerant era for solid state qubit architectures.

Reinforcement learning has witnessed recent applications to a variety of tasks in quantum programming. The underlying assumption is that those tasks could be modeled as Markov decision processes (MDPs). Here, we investigate the feasibility of this assumption by exploring its consequences for single-qubit quantum state preparation and gate compilation. By forming discrete MDPs, we solve for the optimal policy exactly through policy iteration. We find optimal paths that correspond to the shortest possible sequence of gates to prepare a state or compile a gate, up to some target accuracy. Our method works in both the absence and presence of noise and compares favorably to other quantum compilation methods, such as the Ross–Selinger algorithm. This work provides theoretical insight into why reinforcement learning may be successfully used to find optimally short gate sequences in quantum programming.

Being a multifaceted nation, India is characterized by linguistic diversity, regional identities, and a vibrant tradition of political satire. The present study explores the emergence, evolution, and cultural and political implications of comedy that operates within local language and cultural contexts. It aims to analyse Indian vernacular stand-up comedy, and how it is used to highlight the native cultural absurdities and a tool of political resilience. The study underscores how growing standardisation has prompted Indian stand-up comics to opt for the vernacular modes. These vernacular voices establish a counter-hegemonic tradition by creating a more liberating landscape against institutional hierarchies of cultural and linguistic representation. By applying Foucault’s conceptual framework of power, discourse, and governmentality, this analysis unravels the intricate dynamics between power, control, discourse, and the subversive potential of humour. The study reveals that vernacular stand-up comedy as a creative expression of resilience advances critical discussion on language, culture, and identity.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and Intelligent Computer-Assisted Language Assessment (ICALA) are transforming the educational landscape by radically changing how lessons are taught and students are evaluated. As the masterminds behind the curriculum, it is critical to consider the emotional and mental health of teachers who applied ICALA as part of their language instruction. To this end, this study’s primary objective was to examine the connections between ICALA, teacher immunity, reflective teaching, job satisfaction, and l2-teacher grit. To achieve this goal, 221 English as a foreign language (EFL) university teachers from Afghanistan participated in the current research. The research outcomes identified and quantified the influences of teacher immunity and reflective teaching on job satisfaction and L2 teacher grit by data screening utilizing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). According to the results, TI and RT are vital in implementing AI into language assessment by maintaining an uninterrupted JS and L2TG. The study’s ramifications are further elaborated upon.

With the particular focus on the Indian context, this paper attempts to study the genre of stand-up comedy as a form of creative resilience, by applying the theory of Fiske's popular culture. Through the case study of select stand-up acts of comics like Rahul Dua, Saurav Mehta, Munawar Faruqui and Kunal Kamra, this paper analyzes English and Hindi satirical stand-up comedy in India. The papers also trace the evolution and differences between both the Indian English and the Hindi satirical stand-up comedy. It explores the elements of resistance put forward by the comics with the help of the new media laughscape that has provided them with a radical space, through which they direct their process of social transformation. The paper foregrounds the radical reimagining of humour wielded as a weapon for socio-political subversion.

A bstract A novel holographic model of chiral symmetry breaking has been proposed by Kuperstein and Sonnenschein by embedding non-supersymmetric probe D7 and anti-D7 branes in the Klebanov-Witten background. We study the dynamics of the probe flavours in this model in the presence of finite temperature and a constant electromagnetic field. In keeping with the weakly coupled field theory intuition, we find the magnetic field promotes spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry whereas the electric field restores it. The former effect is universally known as the “magnetic catalysis” in chiral symmetry breaking. In the presence of an electric field such a condensation is inhibited and a current flows. Thus we are faced with a steady-state situation rather than a system in equilibrium. We conjecture a definition of thermodynamic free energy for this steady-state phase and using this proposal we study the detailed phase structure when both electric and magnetic fields are present in two representative configurations: mutually perpendicular and parallel.

Teaching vocabulary is a challenging ordeal, not only because of the vastness of vocabulary but also because it takes much effort to enable the students to acquire the meaning with their correct usage. The study uses qualitative research to elaborate strategies that can be implemented in EFL classrooms to teach vocabulary-based content. The present study has highlighted the meaning of reflective praxis in the teaching-learning process and how the process of reflection ultimately has a desirable impact on both the teachers and the students. The researcher has adopted the pragmatic approach as the paper emphasizes the possible difficulties teachers and students can face in teaching and learning vocabulary. The article foregrounds problems and is followed by their practical solutions in pedagogy. The study proposes a problem-solving approach to teaching vocabulary in EFL classrooms. It focuses on improving the lexical competence of the learners, which is considered one of the most essential components of language building.

The study examines the influence of multimedia inputs on the speaking skills of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students, mainly targeting the minimization of prevalent errors made by Arabic-speaking individuals within the cohort of first-year university learners. A total of 104 undergraduate students participated in the study and were divided equally into two groups: an experimental group (N=52) and a control group (N=52). The experimental group was exposed to multimedia input techniques, and the control group was instructed via traditional methods. Additionally, data was gathered twice through pre-and post-tests. The data was analyzed through the RM-ANOVA test using SPSS. The analysis revealed that Arabic-speaking EFL learners committed common errors related to inflectional morphemes in both groups. The results indicated a considerable enhancement in using inflectional morphemes while speaking proficiency of the experimental group following the treatment was compared to the control group. These findings highlight the effectiveness of multimedia inputs in aiding EFL learners, particularly beginners who struggle with English proficiency.

Religious teachings express the fact that a human is a social being and associates with various people. In order to have a successful and safe life, we should refrain from any selfishness, harming others, malice and humiliating people and should always be forgiving, selfless and humble in relationships. Interpersonal relationships are one of the most important components of human life from birth to death; none of the potential capabilities of humans grow except in the shadow of interpersonal relationships. Learning correct interpersonal relationships is very important in creating mental health, personality development, identity finding, increasing job productivity, increasing quality of life, increasing adaptability and self-fulfilment. The current research was conducted with the aim of explaining the relationship between communication skills based on Islamic teachings and students’ life skills. In this research, Ayats [verses] from the Holy Quran that are related to communication skills and relationships between people in Islamic society have been discussed, and then the components of effective communication and its role in students’ life skills have been explained. This research discusses the following factors: human dignity and self-esteem, tolerance and compromise skills, forgiveness skills, accountability skills, justice orientation skills and individual behaviour skills.ContributionThe results of this research indicate that according to students’ imitation of teachers, paying special attention to the components of communication skills according to Islamic teachings in schools can affect students’ life skills. Therefore, by improving the mental health of the youth, and consequently the health of the society will be affected and it will bring excellence to the society.