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In this paper we present a lens antenna for 3D beam steering at microwave frequencies. Over the azimuth, 360° beam steering is realized through exploiting the orbital angular momentum (OAM) property of the electromagnetic wave components of the beam. A beam pointing toward a certain direction in the azimuth is optimized by an appropriate superposition of waves carrying different OAM orders; the beam direction is manipulated by the relative phase shifts between waves. The elevation of the beam is separately controlled by coupling the OAM wave generators to a Maxwell fish-eye lens. The proposed antenna operates with high directivity, narrow beamwidth, and low side lobe levels over a wide spatial steering range. Among the results, a stable beam of about 10.8 dBi main lobe gain, 3 dB beamwidth of 17.4°, and - 4.7  dB sidelobe level is synthesized over wide azimuthal and elevation ranges. The effects of the characteristics of the lens on beam steering are analyzed in detail. The method has been demonstrated to work effectively by numerical simulations.

Unidirectional chargers, valued for their simplicity and cost-effectiveness, are widely deployed. In contrast, bidirectional chargers enable advanced functionalities such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) but come with greater complexity, higher costs, and design challenges. This aim of this research is to analyze unidirectional and bidirectional charging systems integrated with renewable energy, from both economic and environmental perspectives. Additionally, the research conducts a technical analysis of different EV charging technologies via Polysun software, considering a predefined mobility profile that includes charging times and kilometers driven. The study focuses on households with renewable energy systems connected to the grid, evaluating energy consumption, grid reliance, CO₂ emissions, and financial viability across scenarios with varying numbers of EVs (1–3) over one year. While bidirectional EV setups enhance self-consumption and reduce dependence on the external grid, they face financial challenges, including higher initial costs and a lower net present value (NPV) due to maintenance expenses. In Jordan the time-of-use (TOU) pricing system has applied for EVs charging. This study reveals that the bidirectional EV charging improves energy efficiency and reduces CO 2 emissions by optimizing PV energy utilization in Jordan to charge EVs, however, its increased initial costs under TOU pricing highlight the need for supportive policies to encourage wider adoption.

Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) is an attractive feature of electromagnetic waves that gains great research attention in several areas in radio and optics. This paper describes a superposition of OAM waves of different orders for single/multi-beam steering in the transverse direction in communication and radar-sensing applications. A new design of the antenna is proposed. The main body of the antenna consists of a concentric circular loop antenna array that is excited by a traveling wave current. This design overcomes some of the limitations challenging the use of multi-orders OAM waves in beam steering, in particular the need for placing more than one OAM-order generator in the same plane. The proposed method overcomes this limitation as many loops of different sizes could be simply placed in one plane. The feeder of the antenna, on another hand, is designed using two loops with one being a parasitic element. This parasitic element-based design shows great enhancement to the bandwidth allowing the antenna to serve over a wide range of applications. Various OAM mode groupings using the superimposed OAM waves are demonstrated here via theoretical calculations, and beamforming is validated with full-wave numerical simulations.