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Water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion fuel is a potentially viable diesel fuel that can simultaneously enhance engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions in a current diesel engine without requiring engine modifications or incurring additional costs. In a consistent manner, the current study examines the impact of adding water, in the range of 5–30% wt. (5% increment) and 2% surfactant of polysorbate 20, on the performance in terms of brake torque (BT) and exhaust emissions of a four-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine. The relationship between independent factors, including water addition and engine speed, and dependent factors, including different exhaust released emissions and BT, was initially generated using machine learning support vector regression (SVR). Subsequently, a robust and modern optimization of the sea-horse optimizer (SHO) was run through the SVR model to find the optimal water addition and engine speed for improving the BT and lowering exhaust emissions. Furthermore, the SVR model was compared to the artificial neural network (ANN) model in terms of R-squared and mean square error (MSE). According to the experimental results, the BT was boosted by 3.34% compared to pure diesel at 5% water addition. The highest reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) was 9.57% and 15.63%, respectively, at 15% of water addition compared to diesel fuel. The nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from emulsified fuel were significantly lower than those from pure diesel, with a maximum decrease of 67.14% at 30% water addition. The suggested SVR-SHO model demonstrated superior prediction reliability, with a significant R-Squared of more than 0.98 and a low MSE of less than 0.003. The SHO revealed that adding 15% water to the W/D emulsion fuel at an engine speed of 1848 rpm yielded the optimum BT, CO, UHC, and NOx values of 49.5 N.m, 0.5%, 57 ppm, and 369 ppm, respectively. Finally, these outcomes have important implications for the potential of the SVR-SHO approach to minimize engine exhaust emissions while maximizing engine performance.

Water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion fuel is a potential alternative fuel that can simultaneously lower NOx exhaust emissions and improves combustion efficiency. Additionally, there are no additional costs or engine modifications required when using W/D emulsion fuel. The proportion of water added and engine speed is crucial factors influencing engine behavior. This study aims to examine the impact of the W/D emulsion diesel fuel on engine performance and NOx pollutant emissions using a compression ignition (CI) engine. The emulsion fuel had water content ranging from 0 to 30% with a 5% increment, and 2% surfactant was employed. The tests were performed at speeds ranging from 1000 to 3000 rpm. All W/D emulsion fuel was compared to a standard of pure diesel in all tests. A four-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, direct-injection diesel engine test bed was used for the experiments. The performance and exhaust emissions of the diesel engine were measured at full load and various engine speeds using a dynamometer and an exhaust gas analyzer, respectively. The second purpose of this study is to illustrate the application of two optimizers, grey wolf optimizer (GWO) and intelligent grey wolf optimizer (IGOW), along with using multivariate polynomial regression (MPR) to identify the optimum (W/D) emulsion blend percentage and engine speed to enhance the performance, reduce fuel consumption, and reduce NOX exhaust emissions of a diesel engine operating. The engine speed and proportion of water in the fuel mixture were the independent variables (inputs), while brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and NOx were the dependent variables (outcomes). It was experimentally observed that utilizing emulsified gasoline generally enhances engine performance and decreases emissions in general. Experimentally, at 5% water content and 2000 rpm, the BSFC has a minimal value of 0.258 kJ/kW·h. Under the same conditions, the maximum BP of 11.6 kW and BTE of 32.8% were achieved. According to the IGWO process findings, adding 9% water to diesel fuel and running the engine at a speed of 1998 rpm produced the highest BP (11.2 kW) and BTE (33.3%) and the lowest BSFC (0.259 kg/kW·h) and reduced NOx by 14.3% compared with the CI engine powered by pure diesel. The accuracy of the model is high, as indicated by a correlation coefficient R2 exceeding 0.97 and a mean absolute error (MAE) less than 0.04. In terms of the optimizer, the IGWO performs better than GWO in determining the optimal water addition and engine speed. This is attributed to the IGWO has excellent exploratory capability in the early stages of searching.

Several techniques for cooling mass concrete structures were developed in order to increase structural integrity and reduce the influence of cement hydration, which sometimes causes cracking in concrete structures, negatively affecting their durability. This research focuses on cooling system design, initial investment, and the influence of different refrigerants on cooling system performance aims in producing higher quality massive concrete. Cooling aggregates in massive concrete structures such as desert dams can be performed by employing cooled air from an air conditioning duct system or chilled water. The experimental study illustrates the relationship between the coefficient of performance COP, the evaporator temperature, cooling capacity, and refrigerant mass flow rate as a function of the evaporator temperature, cooling capacity, and refrigerant mass flow rate. The findings of the experiments were utilized to verify a numerical model developed utilizing engineering equation solver (EES) software. The performance of the vapor compression of the cooling systems was compared using alternative refrigerants, including R22, R32, and R410a at different operating conditions. This study revealed that R22 refrigerant has a higher coefficient of performance than R32 and R410A, while R32 has the highest cooling capacity among other refrigerants.

The main objective of this experimental work is to study oil shale pyrolysis by direct heating of solar energy, using a simple concentrated solar system, and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The tested sample was obtainedfrom a local oil shale deposit, Ellujjun, in Jordan. The TGA test results confirmed that the involved reactions depended on final reactor temperature: the higher the temperature, the greater the weight loss in the sample. A series of experiments using a new design of fixed bed retort powered by solar energy were carried out to study the influence of various operating parameters such as environment inside the reactor and final temperature on the pyrolysis process. The magnitude of the total yield was mainly dependent on temperature and the medium inside the retort. The highest oil yield was witnessed when air was used as gas in the retort, while in subsequent experiments using kerosene the oil yield was much lower. However, this was almost nil in case of using water in the retort. This is the first research of its kind in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, utilizing a solar parabolic dish reflector to heat up the reactor and is deemed to open the way in the future for more detailed research in the field of solar oil shale retorting and/or gasification.

The main objective of this experimental work is to study oil shale pyrolysis by direct heating of solar energy, using a simple concentrated solar system, and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The tested sample was obtained from a local oil shale deposit, Ellujjun, in Jordan. The TGA test results confirmed that the involved reactions depended on final reactor temperature: the higher the temperature, the greater the weight loss in the sample. A series of experiments using a new design of fixed bed retort powered by solar energy were carried out to study the influence of various operating parameters such as environment inside the reactor and final temperature on the pyrolysis process. The magnitude of the total yield was mainly dependent on temperature and the medium inside the retort. The highest oil yield was witnessed when air was used as gas in the retort, while in subsequent experiments using kerosene the oil yield was much lower. However, this was almost nil in case of using water in the retort. This is the first research of its kind in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, utilizing a solar parabolic dish reflector to heat up the reactor and is deemed to open the way in the future for more detailed research in the field of solar oil shale retorting and/or gasification.

Jordan is currently facing an energy crisis characterized by a heavy dependence on imported fossil fuels, prompting the nation to target a 50% share of renewable energy by 2030. This study introduces a novel approach by simulating hybrid solar-geothermal heat pump systems tailored to various Jordanian locations, assessing both their energy efficiency and economic feasibility. Unlike previous studies that focused solely on geothermal or solar technologies, this research uniquely combines these two renewable sources, offering a comprehensive evaluation across multiple climates. Key findings include the superior performance factors of vertical (4.0) and horizontal geothermal heat pumps (4.2) in Amman, compared to the air-to-water heat pump (3.5). Additionally, Aqaba station demonstrated an exceptional solar contribution, meeting 99.34% of heating demand, while Amman achieved 77.93%. Notably, Maan station provided the highest solar contribution for space heating at 6,902 kWh/year, and Amman airport station led in CO 2 emission avoidance at 2,120.29 kg/year. The economic analysis revealed that while vertical heat pump systems were economically unviable with a negative NPV of -4,987.51 JD, horizontal and air-to-water systems showed promising NPVs of 5,734.27 JD and 8,428.46 JD, respectively, with payback periods of 9.44 and 6.5 years. Additionally, this study is the first to employ both the fuzzy Best–Worst Method (BWM) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) techniques to rank station suitability, identifying Maan station as the most optimal and Ghor El-Safi as the least. The results underscore the potential of hybrid solar-geothermal systems to significantly reduce energy consumption and CO 2 emissions, despite initial financial barriers, and highlight the importance of further investment in geothermal technologies to enhance Jordan’s energy security and reduce fossil fuel dependency.

Unidirectional chargers, valued for their simplicity and cost-effectiveness, are widely deployed. In contrast, bidirectional chargers enable advanced functionalities such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) but come with greater complexity, higher costs, and design challenges. This aim of this research is to analyze unidirectional and bidirectional charging systems integrated with renewable energy, from both economic and environmental perspectives. Additionally, the research conducts a technical analysis of different EV charging technologies via Polysun software, considering a predefined mobility profile that includes charging times and kilometers driven. The study focuses on households with renewable energy systems connected to the grid, evaluating energy consumption, grid reliance, CO₂ emissions, and financial viability across scenarios with varying numbers of EVs (1–3) over one year. While bidirectional EV setups enhance self-consumption and reduce dependence on the external grid, they face financial challenges, including higher initial costs and a lower net present value (NPV) due to maintenance expenses. In Jordan the time-of-use (TOU) pricing system has applied for EVs charging. This study reveals that the bidirectional EV charging improves energy efficiency and reduces CO 2 emissions by optimizing PV energy utilization in Jordan to charge EVs, however, its increased initial costs under TOU pricing highlight the need for supportive policies to encourage wider adoption.