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This study aimed to investigate salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacilli, and other salivary indices in subjects wearing clear aligners (CA) in comparison with multibrackets orthodontic appliances (MB). A sample of 80 participants (46 males and 34 females) was included in the study: 40 subjects (aged 20.4±1.7 years) were treated with CA, and 40 (aged 21.3±1.7 years) were treated with MB. Plaque index (PI), salivary flow, buffering power of saliva, and salivary levels of S. mutans and Lactobacilli were evaluated prior to start of orthodontic treatment (t0), after 3 months (t1) and 6 months (t2). CA patients maintained PI at level 0 over time, while MB participants experienced a statistically significant increasing trend of PI over time. In addition, at t2, 37.5% of MB participants (15 subjects over 40) showed risky salivary levels (CFU/ml>105) of S. mutans (odds ratio = 7.40; 95% C.I. = 1.94-28.25; chi-square = 10.32; p = 0.001) as well as Lactobacilli (odds ratio = 23.40; 95% C.I. = 2.91-188.36; chi-square = 15.31; p = 0.0001). Comparing all the data, subjects treated with CA achieved lower salivary microbial colonization after 6 months of treatment compared with MB. Different additional strategies for plaque control and salivary microbial colonization must be triggered considering the type of orthodontic appliance.

Aim This study aimed to investigate salivary concentrations of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and some Lactobacilli, and plaque index (PI) in patients wearing fixed versus removable orthodontic appliances. Methods A sample of 90 orthodontic patients (56 males and 34 females) was included in the study: 30 subjects (aged 21.5±1.5 years) were treated with removable clear aligners (CA), while for other 30 cases (aged 23.3±1.6 years) a fixed multibrackets appliance (MB) were utilized, and 30 patients (aged 18.2 ±1.5 years) wearied a removable positioner (RP). Salivary concentrations of S. mutans and Lactobacilli and PI were evaluated prior to start of the orthodontic treatment, after 3 months and 6 months. Results After 6 months, 40% of MB patients (12 subjects over 30) showed a concentration of S. mutans associated to high risk of developing tooth decay (CFU/ml>105), differently from participants wearing removable appliances (odds ratio = 5.05; 95% C.I. = 1.72‐14.78; chi‐square = 9.64; p = 0.0019). The same trens was observed for the concentration of Lactobacilli (odds ratio = 4.33; 95% C.I. = 1.53‐12.3; chi‐square = 8.229; p = 0.004). In addition, over the duration of the study, CA patients maintained PI at 0 level, while MB patients experienced a statistically significant increasing trend of PI over time, and their PI became clinically/statistically relevant after 6 months, respect to CA and RP patients. Conclusions Comparing all the data, while, after 6 months, only about 10% of CA patients and 13.3% of RP patients achieved a microbial colonization which may lead to high risk of caries development, about 40% of MB patients ‐ and 20% after 3 months ‐ showed a high level of vulnerability to developing caries, which require additional strategies for plaque control and microbial colonization to be employed.

In post-war Italy the research about prefabrication largely went beyond the functional use of the elements. The theme of modularity, seriality and prefabrication was explored with many nuances: from the desire to combine the theme of prefabrication with the limits and the compositional and architectural potential of the systems, to the theme of modular coordination of architecture, in which they found space for a greater or lesser number of components, with their assembly leading to almost endless variations. Italy, unlike other European countries, never opted decisively and in a widespread way for this type of approach. However, it did develop its own response to this issue, on an occasional basis, in the period between the wars and in a broader and more highly articulated way in the 1950s and 60s. The paper intends to investigate the situation in Italy after the war regarding the prefabrication and its use in the construction process was highly articulated and manyfaceted. After an initial phase, which was characterized by a substantial time lag in this sector, in the Fifties a mature approach to the theme of industrialization in building was addressed at numerous national and international conferences, as well as in numerous projects. 

In post-war Italy the research about prefabrication largely went beyond the functional use of the elements. The theme of modularity, seriality and prefabrication was explored with many nuances: from the desire to combine the theme of prefabrication with the limits and the compositional and architectural potential of the systems, to the theme of modular coordination of architecture, in which they found space for a greater or lesser number of components, with their assembly leading to almost endless variations. Italy, unlike other European countries, never opted decisively and in a widespread way for this type of approach. However, it did develop its own response to this issue, on an occasional basis, in the period between the wars and in a broader and more highly articulated way in the 1950s and 60s. The paper intends to investigate the situation in Italy after the war regarding the prefabrication and its use in the construction process was highly articulated and manyfaceted. After an initial phase, which was characterized by a substantial time lag in this sector, in the Fifties a mature approach to the theme of industrialization in building was addressed at numerous national and international conferences, as well as in numerous projects. 

In post-war Italy the research about prefabrication largely went beyond the functional use of the elements. The theme of modularity, seriality and prefabrication was explored with many nuances: from the desire to combine the theme of prefabrication with the limits and the compositional and architectural potential of the systems, to the theme of modular coordination of architecture, in which they found space for a greater or lesser number of components, with their assembly leading to almost endless variations. Italy, unlike other European countries, never opted decisively and in a widespread way for this type of approach. However, it did develop its own response to this issue, on an occasional basis, in the period between the wars and in a broader and more highly articulated way in the 1950s and 60s. The paper intends to investigate the situation in Italy after the war regarding the prefabrication and its use in the construction process. After an initial phase, which was characterized by a substantial time lag in this sector, in the Fifties a mature approach to the theme of industrialization in building was addressed at numerous national and international conferences, as well as in numerous projects. Keywords Prefabrication, Industrialization, Modularity, Second half of 20th century, Conservation.

In post-war Italy the research about prefabrication largely went beyond the functional use of the elements. The theme of modularity, seriality and prefabrication was explored with many nuances: from the desire to combine the theme of prefabrication with the limits and the compositional and architectural potential of the systems, to the theme of modular coordination of architecture, in which they found space for a greater or lesser number of components, with their assembly leading to almost endless variations. Italy, unlike other European countries, never opted decisively and in a widespread way for this type of approach. However, it did develop its own response to this issue, on an occasional basis, in the period between the wars and in a broader and more highly articulated way in the 1950s and 60s. The paper intends to investigate the situation in Italy after the war regarding the prefabrication and its use in the construction process was highly articulated and manyfaceted. After an initial phase, which was characterized by a substantial time lag in this sector, in the Fifties a mature approach to the theme of industrialization in building was addressed at numerous national and international conferences, as well as in numerous projects.

Among primary headaches, migraine is the form more sensitive to the ovarian hormonal milieu. Migraine without aura (MO) benefits from the hyperestrogenic state of pregnancy and the lack of hormonal fluctuations, while migraine with aura (MA) presents distinctive features. Indeed, a very strong improvement of MO has been documented across gestation, and only a minority of pregnant women still suffers during the third trimester. On the other hand, fewer women with MA report improvement or remission, and new onset of aura may be observed during pregnancy. After delivery, breastfeeding exerts a protective action on migraine recurrence. The persistence of migraine during gestation seems to affect neonatal outcomes, and several studies indicate a link between migraine and an increased risk of developing gestational hypertension/preeclampsia and other vascular complications.

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a chronic condition affecting a large number of women, with a major impact on their urogenital health and sexual function. It occurs at midlife because estrogen levels decline with menopause enhancing aging-related changes of the functional anatomy of the urogenital system. Unfortunately, GSM may occur early in the lifespan of women or be exacerbated following anticancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, ionizing radiation, or surgical removal of reproductive organs. Symptoms of GSM are often under-reported by women, under-estimated and under-diagnosed by health care providers (HCPs), and subsequently under-treated, despite their profound negative impact on the quality of life. The mainstay of vaginal treatments is local estrogen therapy (LET) ensuring an effective management of moderate to severe symptomatic GSM. However, LET is generally contraindicated in women with a history of hormone receptor positive cancer, due to the fear of increased recurrence or possible interference with endocrine adjuvant therapies. Among non-hormonal treatments, hyaluronic acid-based moisturizers have shown promising clinical results both in healthy women and in cancer patients or survivors. Its strong water-binding properties provide lubricating and moisturizing effects, which contribute to maintaining a proper level of hydration and viscoelasticity in several body parts, including the urinary tract and genital tissues. Hyaluronic acid-based moisturizers are effective, safe, and well tolerated; therefore, they may represent a valid option for the early management of GSM-associated symptoms in every woman with a history of cancer who is unable or unwilling to undergo hormone-based therapies. Hence, the aim of this review was to provide an overview of GSM etiology and treatment in women with natural or iatrogenic menopause, with a focus on the use of hyaluronic acid as a prophylactic treatment in the context of an integrated management protocol for cancer patients.