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This research focuses on pre-university students' perceptions of algorithmic biases in artificial intelligence. Six types of biases (generational, gender, functional diversity, ethnicity, geographical origin and economic reasons) are examined on the basis of four variables (age, sex, educational level and academic year) of young people. A quantitative method is employed using a questionnaire. ANOVA, T-test and Kruskall-Wallis test are used. The results show statistically significant differences in the variables analysed and, in general terms, young people have a medium-high perception of possible biases. The highest number of differences between groups was found in the level of education (secondary education/baccalaureate/vocational training). The least differences were found in age (less than 12 years/12-14 years/15-17 years/18-21 years) and sex of the participants (male/female). Students in vocational training have a higher perception of bias and those in baccalaureate have the lowest means. In this case, significant differences were found. The results also show significant differences in biases produced by functional diversity, geographical origin and economic reasons. In relation to age, significant differences were found in two groups of students. According to sex, males have a higher perception of gender and ethnicity biases. These results have consequences for educational practice, as they highlight the aspects that should be addressed in the training of young people in artificial intelligence. It also has implications for research as it opens up new questions to be analysed.

We assessed the performance of Abbott's SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and the Panbio TM COVID-19 IgG/IgM rapid test device for the diagnosis of either active or cured COVID-19. Three cohorts of patients were chosen. Cohort 1, patients (n = 65) who attended the emergency department on March 30, 2020 with clinical suspicion of active COVID-19 (n = 56 with proven/probable COVID-19). Cohort 2, hospital workers (n = 92) who had either been (n = 40) or not (n = 52) diagnosed with proven/probable COVID-19 and were asymptomatic at the time of the sampling. Cohort 3, patients (n = 38) cared at the hospital before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Detection of serum antibodies was done using Abbott´s SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and the Panbio TM COVID-19 IgG/IgM device. Both methods showed 98% agreement for IgG detection. No antibodies were detected in the 38 samples from hospitalized pre-COVID subjects. The diagnostic performance of IgGs detected by Abbott´s SARS-CoV-2 assay in Cohorts 1/2 was: sensitivity (60.7%/75%) and specificity (100%/84.6%). The diagnostic performance of IgM by Panbio TM COVID-19 in Cohorts 1/2 was: sensitivity (16%/17.5%) and specificity (100%/98.1%). We show that IgG detection alone is insufficient for the diagnosis of active or cured COVID-19. IgM detection has a limited diagnostic value.

Current research on lipids is highlighting their relevant role in metabolic/signaling pathways. Conjugated fatty acids (CFA), namely isomers of linoleic and linolenic acid (i.e. CLA and CLNA, respectively) can positively modulate inflammation processes and energy metabolism, promoting anti-carcinogenic and antioxidant effects, improved lipid profiles and insulin resistance, among others. Bioactive doses have been indicated to be above 1 g/d, yet these cannot be achieved through a moderate intake (i.e. 1–2 servings) of natural sources, and certain CLA-containing products have limited commercial availability. Such handicaps have fueled research interest in finding alternative fortification strategies. In recent years, screening of dairy products for CFA-producing bacteria has attracted much attention and has led to the identification of some promising strains, including Bifidobacterium breve NCIMB 702258. This strain has shown interesting producing capabilities in model systems as well as positive modulation of lipid metabolism activities in animal studies. Accordingly, the aim of this research work was to assay B. breve NCIMB 702258 in semi-skimmed milk to produce a probiotic fermented dairy product enriched in bioactive CLA and CLNA. The effect of substrates (LA, α-LNA and γ-LNA) on growth performance and membrane fatty acids profile was also studied, as these potential modifications have been associated to stress response. When tested in cys-MRS culture medium, LA, α-LNA and γ-LNA impaired the fatty acid synthesis by B. breve since membrane concentrations for stearic and oleic acids decreased. Variations in the C18:1 c11 and lactobacillic acid concentrations, may suggest that these substrates are also affecting the membrane fluidity. Bifidobacterium breve CFA production capacity was first assessed in cys-MRS with LA, α-LNA, γ-LNA or all substrates together at 0.5 mg/mL each. This strain did not produce CFA from γ-LNA, but converted 31.12% of LA and 68.20% of α-LNA into CLA and CLNA, respectively, after incubation for 24 h at 37 °C. In a second phase, B. breve was inoculated in a commercial semi-skimmed milk with LA, α-LNA or both at 0.5 mg/mL each. Bifidobacterium breve revealed a limited capacity to synthesize CLA isomers, but was able to produce 0.062–0.115 mg/mL CLNA after 24 h at 37 °C. However, organoleptic problems were reported which need to be addressed in future studies. These results show that although CFA were produced at too low concentrations to be able to achieve solely the bioactive dose in one daily portion size, fermented dairy products are a suitable vector to deliver B. breve NCIMB 702258.

Dinosaur bonebeds with amber content, yet scarce, offer a superior wealth and quality of data on ancient terrestrial ecosystems. However, the preserved palaeodiversity and/or taphonomic characteristics of these exceptional localities had hitherto limited their palaeobiological potential. Here, we describe the amber from the Lower Cretaceous dinosaur bonebed of Ariño (Teruel, Spain) using a multidisciplinary approach. Amber is found in both a root layer with amber strictly in situ and a litter layer mainly composed of aerial pieces unusually rich in bioinclusions, encompassing 11 insect orders, arachnids, and a few plant and vertebrate remains, including a feather. Additional palaeontological data—charophytes, palynomorphs, ostracods— are provided. Ariño arguably represents the most prolific and palaeobiologically diverse locality in which fossiliferous amber and a dinosaur bonebed have been found in association, and the only one known where the vast majority of the palaeontological assemblage suffered no or low-grade pre-burial transport. This has unlocked unprecedentedly complete and reliable palaeoecological data out of two complementary windows of preservation—the bonebed and the amber—from the same site.

Recent experimental studies have shown that the photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide is enhanced when doped with cerium and that these enhancements depend on the doping concentration; in particular, the highest photocatalytic activity rates have been reported for cerium concentrations in zinc oxide close to 3.00% or 5.00%. So far, there is no sufficient explanation why the maximum photocatalytic activity rates of cerium-doped zinc oxide occur for the above concentrations. The main objective of this work is to try explain the above-mentioned. For this purpose, we performed a study based on density functional theory on the effects generated on the structural and electronic properties of different cerium concentrations in zinc oxide, and found that the relative position of the fermi level (closeness to the valence band) could be related to the peaks of a higher photocatalytic activity of Zn1−xCexO. We also found that for a low cerium concentration rate, the value of the c lattice parameter became lower than the value it had in pure ZnO, while the value of the a lattice parameter of the Zn1−xCexO system was always higher than the value observed in pure ZnO.

Fossils of a giant sauropod dinosaur, Turiasaurus riodevensis, have been recovered from terrestrial deposits of the Villar del Arzobispo Formation (Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary) of Riodeva (Teruel Province, Spain). Its humerus length (1790 millimeters) and estimated mass (40 to 48 metric tons) indicate that it may have been the most massive terrestrial animal in Europe and one of the largest in the world. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the fossil represents a member of a hitherto unrecognized group of primitive European eusauropods that evolved in the Jurassic.

Fossil records of vertebrate integuments are relatively common in both rocks, as compressions, and amber, as inclusions. The integument remains, mainly the Mesozoic ones, are of great interest due to the panoply of palaeobiological information they can provide. We describe two Spanish Cretaceous amber pieces that are of taphonomic importance, one bearing avian dinosaur feather remains and the other, mammalian hair. The preserved feather remains originated from an avian dinosaur resting in contact with a stalactite-shaped resin emission for the time it took for the fresh resin to harden. The second piece shows three hair strands recorded on a surface of desiccation, with the characteristic scale pattern exceptionally well preserved and the strands aligned together, which can be considered the record of a tuft. These assemblages were recorded through a rare biostratinomic process we call “pull off vestiture” that is different from the typical resin entrapment and embedding of organisms and biological remains, and unique to resins. The peculiarity of this process is supported by actualistic observations using sticky traps in Madagascar. Lastly, we reinterpret some exceptional records from the literature in the light of that process, thus bringing new insight to the taphonomic and palaeoecological understanding of the circumstances of their origins.

The early Barremian Iberian ornithopod Iguanodon galvensis was described for the first time in 2015. However, much of its anatomy, such as the axial skeleton in mature specimens, remains unknown. Here, the partially articulated presacral vertebrae and ribs belonging to a large adult ornithopod (DS-1 ornithopod) from the lower Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) that were found in Teruel Province (northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, Spain) are investigated by a systematic study and a phylogenetic analysis. The only cervical vertebra preserved is strongly opisthocoelus, as is typical of styracosternans. In fact, the phylogenetic analysis resolves DS-1 ornithopod as an hadrosauriform styracosternan. The assemblage also includes ten anterior-to-posterior dorsal vertebrae that strongly resemble those of the contemporary European iguanodontoid Iguanodon, particularly in having amphiplatyan and higher-than-long centra and dorsal neural spines two times the lateral height of their centra and slightly sigmoid in the posterior vertebrae. In addition, the dorsal centra are moderately compressed between the articular faces and lack a ventral keel, unlike the late Barremian type species I. bernissartensis but resembling the sympatric I. galvensis. For these reasons, DS-1 ornithopod is ascribed here as I. cf. galvensis. Moreover, this specimen has costovertebral ankyloses likely related to the specimen's maturity. Finally, the fossils of I. galvensis including those referred to it as DS-1 ornithopod, as well as evidence provided by bones and tracks in other places, indicate that the genus Iguanodon frequently occupied areas around rivers, lakes, estuaries, or lagoons.

Research into and conservation of geological heritage and the use of the knowledge gained for the education of the general public lay the groundwork for the creation and consolidation of specialised museums and the dissemination of knowledge among a more diverse audience. In this way, resources linked to Geology will become a territorial development factor and move societies to consider them as indispensable resources for their benefit. This, along with heritage laws, will ensure that these elements are provided with the stewardship to ensure their long-term care and maintenance. This action plan is being carried out with the geological and palaeontological heritage in some places of the province of Teruel (Spain) where, even in remote areas with little more than one inhabitant per square kilometre, the research, development and innovation have resulted in various museography actions in dinosaur sites. The Dinosaur Route in a small village called El Castellar, which already has other tourist attractions related to “terrible lizards”, is one example of research being placed at the service of territorial development in rural areas. The route is a 2.3-km walking trail that consists, mainly, of two dinosaur fossil sites that have been enabled for tourist visits which have great educational value for all audiences: Camino El Berzal, with tracks, and San Cristóbal, with various original bones of a stegosaurid. The latter is the first site in Spain where dinosaur fossils can be seen in situ in a permanent exhibition.