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The present work offers insights into lexical aspects of this emerging variety to systematically look into neologisms in Kuwaiti English (KE) using corpus linguistics methods and techniques. Such research results in a deeper understanding of lexical development, productivity, and creativity in the variety under scrutiny, as well as how reciprocal lexical influences develop within a variety (Anesa 3). The study focuses on a written corpus of 337,102 words to see whether or not written English-language texts in Kuwait can provide sufficient data worthy of further exploration. The current project in broad strokes focuses on (i) local neologisms and (ii) L2 neologisms. To flesh out the latter, namely suffixation, compounding, and borrowing, a predetermined list, wildcards, and corpus query language (CQL) were used. For the former, keyness analysis was used, and it was found that this technique provided more insight into indigenous words than suffixation, compounding, predetermined lists, wildcards, and CQL, all of which did not reveal sufficient evidence of neologisms in KE. Overall, keyness analysis was the most successful method in uncovering neologisms in the corpus. As the data indicate, the most productive features of KE seem to be those that are related to culture or religion. It could identify words that were not detected by the other methods. Moreover, more research should be done on more types of neologisms, such as blends, in order to obtain a better understanding of the use of English in Kuwait. According to the study, neologisms are used because they are practical, culturally influenced, and socially acceptable. Additionally, KE neologisms are mainly the result of semantic change, such as semantic restriction. Research on neologisms, especially geared towards understanding cultural or religious concepts incorporated within a variety, seems to be best examined using keyness analysis as it highlights such terms and concepts effectively.

Dexmedetomidine has been widely studied in many surgical settings, with possible benefits in lowering anesthetic requirements, improving perioperative hemodynamic stability, and improving postoperative outcomes. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine in patients undergoing transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenoma, shedding light on its potential as an adjunctive agent in anesthesia for this specific surgical population. In this review, we searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from inception to July 20, 2023. A total of six randomized clinical trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of dexmedetomidine versus placebo in patients undergoing transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenoma were included in this review. The outcomes of interest were extracted from the included studies as mean difference (MD) and standard deviation (SD), then analyzed using the Review Manager (RevMan, RevMan International Inc., New York, USA) software. Our literature search process retrieved 274 records. Of them, six studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was a significant difference between the dexmedetomidine group compared to the placebo group in terms of heart rate at the end of the surgery (MD = -16.5; CI = [-25.36 to -7.64]; P value = 0.0003) and after extubation (MD = -16.81; CI = [-23.18 to -10.43]; P values < 0.00001). Furthermore, dexmedetomidine significantly reduced the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) at after both intubation and extubation (MD = -9.11 and -21.5; CI = [-13.56 to -4.65] and [-30.93 to -12.06]; P values < 0.00001). This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that dexmedetomidine appears to have several potential benefits in patients undergoing transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenoma. The use of dexmedetomidine was associated with reductions in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, blood loss, and duration of surgery, while showing no significant difference in propofol dose or time to extubation of the trachea.

Traumatic brain injuries are a significant public health concern often associated with immediate consequences. However, delayed complications can manifest, including rare congenital neural tube defects such as encephaloceles. We present a case of a 45-year-old male with a history of traumatic brain injuries who developed a posttraumatic frontal meningoencephalocele associated with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. This case emphasizes the need for vigilance in assessing patients with a history of head trauma for delayed complications, even years after the initial injury. Early diagnosis and intervention can significantly impact outcomes.

Children with ASD have a wide spectrum of functional deficits in multiple neurodevelopmental domains. A multidisciplinary team assessment (MDT) is required to assess those deficits to help construct a multimodal intervention plan. This is a retrospective chart review of the assessment for children who were referred for an assessment of potential neurodevelopmental disorders. We reviewed 221 participants’ charts from January 2019 to January 2020. The mean age of the children was 7.95 ± 3.69, while the mean age of the fathers and mothers was 37.31 ± 8.57 and 31.95 ± 6.93, respectively. Consanguinity was as high as 37.9% for the referred children with developmental delay who were first-degree related, and 13.2% of the parents were second-degree relatives. Approximately 26.6% of children had a family history of mental illness in first-degree relatives. ASD was the most commonly reported diagnosis post-assessment, and ADHD was the most common reported comorbidity at 64.3% and 88.5%, respectively. The MDT findings showed that 58% of children required moderate or higher assistance with toileting, 79.2% were unable to answer yes/no questions, and 86.8% were unable to understand “wh” questions. Only 26% of the nonverbal children had average IQ testing results, and 31% of verbal children did. In conclusion, the mean age of the children when assessed was above that recommended for early screening and intervention. An increased paternal and maternal age was noticeable. Consanguinity and a family history of mental disorders in first-degree relatives were high, attesting to a possible genetic risk.

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer among females worldwide and can often be detected at an early stage through breast self-examination (BSE). However, in many developing countries, most cases are diagnosed at advanced stages. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of BSE among women of reproductive age in Saudi Arabia. This study adopted a community-based descriptive-analytical cross-sectional design. A stratified simple random sampling technique was used, with 50 participants from each region. Almost 500 Saudi women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study, and of these, 32.8% were within the age group of 20-29, 30.4% were within the age group of 30-39, and 32.8% were within the age group of more than 40 years. The overall knowledge score regarding BSE items among participants was 38%. Significant associations were found between breast cancer knowledge scores and demographic factors such as age group, educational level, marital status, region, and residence area ( < 0.05). Regarding knowledge of breast cancer risk factors, 48% of participants demonstrated poor knowledge, 43% had moderate knowledge, and only 9% had good knowledge. Effective prevention of breast cancer requires awareness and understanding of its risk factors. It is important for young women, starting from puberty, to be educated about potential changes in breast tissue and to receive proper training in BSE techniques from healthcare professionals.

A novel class of potential therapeutic agents is provided by the recent invention of the broadly neutralizing highly potent HIV-specific monoclonal antibodies (bnAbs). It has broadly been recognized that neutralising antibodies can hit the HIV envelope (Env) and efficiently subdue viral retort inex vivo (vitro) but bnAbs aren’t effective enough for practical use. The bnAbs are being sturdily followed and developed due to the imperative features, including the engaging the host immune response, excellent safety, and longer half-life. It has been reported the functions in a variety of studies, for instance clearing infected cells, inhibiting cell-to-cell transmittance, and neutralizing free virus of HIV-1. Furthermore, the upward contourofbnAbs renders new-fangled vision for cogent vaccine design and anticipating immunogen examination.To result in suboptimal or sporadic treatment, all these factors work together that hikes the menace of treatment failure and viral resistance. A highly priority is still remained to quest for novel preventive and therapeutic interventions. An attractive new therapeutic modality against HIV/AIDS is known Antibodies. Antibodies not only can directly target explicit viral epitopes but also have the potential to tackle host immune receptions.

Objective: This qualitative study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a culturally adapted psychosocial intervention delivered by social workers for improving mental health outcomes among Saudi Arabian youth.Methods: A purposive sample of 24 Saudi Arabian youth (aged 15-24) who participated in the culturally adapted psychosocial intervention was recruited. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore their experiences and perspectives on the intervention's effectiveness. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.Results: Four main themes emerged: (1) cultural relevance and acceptability of the intervention, (2) improved coping strategies and resilience, (3) enhanced social support and connectedness, and (4) reduced mental health stigma. Participants reported that the intervention was culturally appropriate, helped them develop effective coping mechanisms, fostered social connectedness, and reduced stigma associated with mental health issues.Conclusions: The culturally adapted psychosocial intervention delivered by social workers appears to be an effective approach for improving mental health outcomes among Saudi Arabian youth. The findings highlight the importance of cultural adaptation and social worker involvement in youth mental health interventions.

Excessive gingival display (EGD) represents a high negative effect on the esthetic appearance. Esthetic crown lengthening (ECL) surgery is the cornerstone for the treatment of the gingival smile. However, whether to proceed with open-flap (OF) or minimally invasive flapless (FL) techniques remains unclear. We aimed in this systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the clinical outcomes between OF and FL in ECL surgeries. We searched PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS) for randomized controlled trials including EGD patients undergoing ECL surgery with either OF or FL techniques. The primary outcome was the mean change of relative gingival margin (rGM), while the secondary outcomes were the mean changes in bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), relative clinical attachment level (rCAL), and keratinized gingiva height (KGH). Continuous outcomes were assessed using standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in a random-effects model. STATA 19MP (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX) was used to pool all the statistical analyses. We included five RCTs with 180 patients in the analysis. Minimally invasive FL technique was associated with a significant reduction of rGM (SMD = -0.38; 95% CI -0.58 to -0.19, < 0.001; = 0%) compared to the conventional OF technique. Additionally, minimally invasive FL was associated with a significant reduction in BOP (SMD = -0.63, 95% CI -1.24 to -0.03, = 0.04; = 73.31%) compared to the conventional OF technique. There were no significant differences regarding other studied outcomes. Minimally invasive FL and OF showed comparable results; however, the FL technique was associated with unfavorable clinical results of rGM for the treatment of EGD. Further large-volume RCTs are warranted to validate the findings.

Background: A multidisciplinary approach to osteoporosis management involves integrating various healthcare disciplines to address the complex needs of patients with osteoporosis, aiming to prevent fractures and improve overall bone health. This approach is crucial given the high prevalence of osteoporosis and the significant risk of fractures, particularly in aging populations. The integration of different specialties ensures comprehensive care, from diagnosis to treatment and follow-up. Objective: an overview of osteoporosis management. Method: The PUBMED And Google Scholar Search Engines Were the Main Databases Used For The Search Process, With Articles Collected From 1980 To 2024. Conclusion: the pathophysiology of osteoporosis involves various factors such as hormonal changes, aging, and bone tissue deterioration. Recognizing these mechanisms is vital for creating preventive and treatment measures, especially for high-risk groups like postmenopausal women. While age and gender are none-modified risk factors, diet and lifestyle choices can be modified to lower osteoporosis risk. By adjusting these modifiable factors, individuals can improve their bone health and prevent osteoporosis. Understanding both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors is crucial for effective management and prevention of this condition.

Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) remain a significant threat to patient safety worldwide. Preventing and controlling these infections requires an interdisciplinary approach, with nurses and laboratory professionals playing integral roles. This review explores the collaborative strategies between nursing ,laboratory and other specialtiesteams in the battle against HAIs. Epidemiological surveillance, early detection, and implementation of evidence-based practices like hand hygiene form the cornerstone of nursing interventions for HAI prevention. Meanwhile, the laboratory andother specialties provides vital diagnostic support through techniques like microbial cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to identify pathogens and guide appropriate treatment. Ongoing communication and information sharing between nurses , laboratory andother specialtiesstaff enables prompt initiation of infection control measures. Partnerships are also crucial for antimicrobial stewardship efforts and surveillance. Advances like point-of-care testing are transforming HAI management, requiring close nursing-laboratory and other specialties collaboration. An integrated approach leveraging nursing and laboratory expertise is key to tackling the complex challenge of HAIs. Keywords: hospital-acquired infections, infection control, nursing, laboratory, interdisciplinary strategies