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Reticular chemistry — the linking of well-defined molecular building blocks by strong bonds into crystalline extended frameworks — has enabled the synthesis of diverse metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks, in which the pore shape, size and functionality can be tailored towards specific applications. Structural design methodologies are based on three main requisites: building blocks, targeted nets and isoreticular chemistry. In this Review, we highlight the well-developed and cutting-edge methodologies in reticular chemistry for the structural design and discovery of periodic solids. We illustrate the diversity of building blocks and delineate the suitable blueprint nets — namely, edge-transitive nets — for the design of MOFs. These edge-transitive nets are classified into three categories to help rationalize existing MOFs and to provide guidelines for the design of new structures. Two emerging topological concepts, namely, the merged-net approach and net -coded building units, are highlighted for their potential in synthesizing intricate or multi-component MOFs. We also consider isoreticular design strategies for the modification, expansion and contraction of building blocks, and identify challenges and opportunities in the assembly of increasingly intricate frameworks. The development of structural design methodologies in reticular chemistry promotes the discovery of periodic solids, such as metal–organic frameworks. In this Review, we highlight the well-developed and cutting-edge structural design methodologies, focusing on the role of building blocks, targeted nets and isoreticular chemistry.

Environmental contamination is a critical global concern, primarily due to detrimental greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), which significantly contribute to climate change. Moreover, the presence of harmful heavy metals like Ni, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb in soil and water ecosystems has led to poor water quality. Noble metal nanoparticles (MNPs), for instance, Pd, Ag, Pt, and Au, have emerged as promising solutions for addressing environmental pollution. However, the practical utilization of MNPs faces challenges as they tend to aggregate and lose stability. To overcome this issue, the reverse double-solvent method (RDSM) was utilized to synthesis melamine-based porous polyaminals (POPs) as a supportive material for the in situ growing of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The porous structure of melamine-based porous polyaminals, featuring aminal-linked (-HN-C-NH-) and triazine groups, provides excellent binding sites for capturing Ag+ ions, thereby improving the dispersion and stability of the nanoparticles. The resulting material exhibited ultrafine particle sizes for Ag NPs, and the incorporation of Ag NPs within the porous polyaminals demonstrated a high surface area (~279 m2/g) and total pore volume (1.21 cm3/g), encompassing micropores and mesopores. Additionally, the Ag NPs@POPs showcased significant capacity for CO2 capture (2.99 mmol/g at 273 K and 1 bar) and effectively removed Cu (II), with a remarkable removal efficiency of 99.04%. The nitrogen-rich porous polyaminals offer promising prospects for immobilizing and encapsulating Ag nanoparticles, making them outstanding adsorbents for selectively capturing carbon dioxide and removing metal ions. Pursuing this approach holds immense potential for various environmental applications.

In the present study, terbium-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on fcu topology, fcu-Tb- FTZB-MOF, was synthesized using 2-fluoro-4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzoic acid (FTZB) as a linear ligand, and then was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and to study the texture properties of the Tb-FTZB-MOF. The characterization results confirmed the successful synthesis of the high surface area Tb-FTZB-MOF (1220 m2/g). The synthesized Tb-FTZB-MOF was then applied as a catalytic adsorbent to remove direct violet 31 (DV31) dye as an example of organic pollutants, from a model and real solution. The effect of various operational parameters such as adsorbent loading, contact time, initial DV31 dye concentration, initial solution pH, different water matrix, temperature, and ionic strength have also been evaluated. Solution pH and temperature significantly influenced the adsorption of DV31 dye using Tb-FTZB-MOF, and the results should efficiently remove the DV31 dye at ambient temperature, and at pH value of 8.0 using 35 mg Tb-FTZB-MOF, within few minutes. The process was studied kinetically and found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and thermodynamically the process was spontaneous, endothermic, with a positive entropy. Finally, the result showed that Tb-FTZB-MOF was able to adsorb a high percentage of DV31 dye and maintained reasonable efficiency even after five cycles, indicating that Tb-FTZB-MOF could be a promising adsorbent in wastewater remediation.