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Introduction The readmission of individuals with schizophrenia to inpatient care poses a significant challenge for health practitioners, as this tendency has a culminating effect on the patients and their families. The duration of hospitalization of a patient with schizophrenia in a hospital or mental health facility poses a significant burden on mental healthcare systems. This study aimed to assess the length of stay of patients with schizophrenia in a mental health facility. The relationship between the duration of hospitalization and risk of readmission for these patients was assessed with respect to the sociodemographic endpoints. Methods This retrospective cohort study included 145 individuals who were admitted to the Eradah Mental Health Complex in Jeddah from July 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018. Results The present study revealed that 84.8% of the sample comprised male participants. Moreover, only 5.5% of the patients were employed, with a larger proportion being unemployed. Among the total admitted patients, 36.6% were readmitted within a year, and the average length of stay was 49.1 days. Importantly, there was no discernible relationship between the readmission status and length of stay in the present study. Conclusion The current study suggested that enhancing the transition from inpatient psychiatric care to outpatient care may result in positive disease outcomes, which may possess clinical implications for reducing the length of hospitalization of patients. This can culminate in reducing the burden of disease on the patients, their families, and ultimately, the healthcare system.

Objectives: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impairments in communication, social interaction, and behavior. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing the clinical presentation of children with ASD in Saudi Arabia, focusing on demographic, medical, and environmental determinants. Methods: A multi-center, cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi Arabia, enrolling 104 children diagnosed with ASD. Data were collected via structured parent interviews and analyzed to examine the relationships between demographic characteristics, therapy participation, self-care abilities, and clinical symptoms. Results: Male children were more likely to exhibit hyperactivity compared to females (p=0.037). Age was significantly associated with delayed speech ( p>=0.003), aggression (p=0.034), attention deficits ( p =0.006), sleeping problems (p=0.001), and anxiety (=0.007). Self-care abilities - such as bathroom independence and dressing - improved significantly with age (p<0.05). Therapy participation varied with 49% receiving speech therapy, 44.2% engaged in behavioral therapy and 5.8% currently undergoing physiotherapy. Approximately, 34.6% had received occupational therapy for less than one year. Conclusion: The clinical presentation of ASD in Saudi Arabia is influenced by demographic and environmental factors, highlighting the need for early diagnosis and individualized interventions. The findings underscore the importance of improving therapy access and parental support to address persistent challenges, such as hyperactivity, learning difficulties, and limited self-care skills. Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, Saudi Arabia,child, cross-sectional studies, speech therapy, behavioral therapy

Context: Studies have reported multiple variables that can affect the level of burden on informal caregivers. The need for informal caregivers is expected to increase in the upcoming years. Informal caregivers are an important extension of the formal health-care system. Aims: The aim of this study was to discover the characteristics of informal caregivers of adult patients, to determine the socioeconomic, psychological, and physical consequences facing informal caregivers, and to measure caregivers' burdens and needs. Settings and Design: An analytical cross-sectional study that was carried out in Saudi Arabia, in the home health-care unit of King Abdelaziz University Hospital in the city of Jeddah. Subjects and Methods: A validated self-administered questionnaire in Arabic and English was used. The required sample size was 122 participants. Ethical approval was obtained. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics consisted of means, standard deviations, frequency tables, cross-tabulation, and charts. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square test to determine significant relationships between variables. Results: A total of 124 participants responded to a request to participate in the study. The majority of the caregivers (92) were family members. There was a significant relationship between the nature of the connection between the caregiver and the recipient in association with the burden scale (P = 0.001). No significant relationship was found between caregivers' gender, marital status, or income level and the burden score. Conclusions: Most of the caregivers reported no burden to minimal burden. The relationship with the care recipient has a negative impact on the burden scale.

BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are traumatic events that occur before 18 years of age. ACEs have been associated with many negative health problems, including the development of chronic diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain. We investigated the prevalence of ACEs among patients with IBS, identified the types of ACEs commonly related to patients with IBS, and further assessed the impact of ACEs on IBS severity.MethodologyA cross-sectional study was performed. The study targeted patients with IBS aged ≥ 18 years who were recruited from gastroenterology outpatient clinics at King Abdulaziz University Hospital. Adults were contacted and invited to take part in the study by completing a survey. Data were collected using two validated questionnaires, the ACE questionnaire for adults and the IBS symptom severity scoring system.ResultsThe study included 109 patients with IBS (59.6% females). The prevalence of ACEs (patients with IBS exposed to at least one ACE) was 63.3%. The most prevalent type was emotional abuse (34.9%), followed by both physical abuse and emotional neglect (28.4%). Females reported significantly more ACEs (p = 0.035) than males. The overall IBS symptoms (r = 0.195, p = 0.043) and abdominal pain (r = 0.240, p = 0.012) severity were significantly correlated with total ACEs score.ConclusionsOur findings point to a probable association between ACEs exposure and IBS, demonstrating their long-term impacts on symptoms severity. Further studies are needed to acquire a better understanding of the potential impact of ACEs on IBS.

To investigate the prevalence of childhood anxiety disorders in Saudi Arabia. We conducted a cross-sectional study, between September and November 2019, in Saudi Arabia. The study group included the parents of 468 primary school children, aged 6-12 years. Parents completed the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) screening instrument, translated to Arabic. The measured outcome was the prevalence of childhood anxiety disorders, determined from the scores on the SCARED instrument. Results: Childhood anxiety disorders prevalence were as follows: 32.7% had one anxiety, 18.4% had 2, 10.9% had 3, 8.1% had 4, and 7.7% had 5. Of note, 22.2% of children did not have an anxiety disorder. Conclusion: Our results reveal a high prevalence of childhood anxiety disorders among primary school age children in Saudi Arabia. Based on these findings, conducting awareness campaigns and providing educational programs on childhood anxiety disorders might be important to improve the health outcomes of children.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but potentially lethal condition associated with neuroleptic medications. It is characterized by high temperature, extrapyramidal symptoms, autonomic variability, and changes in consciousness. Although olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic, which exhibits more affinity to serotonin receptors than to dopamine receptors, atypical antipsychotics (like olanzapine) can cause \"typical and atypical\" forms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Previous reports of neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with olanzapine have described patients who had been previously treated with other antipsychotic medications, patients who had previous incidents of neuroleptic malignant syndrome caused by other neuroleptics, or patients treated with olanzapine and another neuroleptic. This article describes a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome linked to olanzapine in a male adolescent, 17-year old, who had not previously been treated with antipsychotic medications. He presented in an agitated state, with acute onset of fever, catatonia for 15 days, and severe negativism, refusal to eat, mutism, and brief episodes of abrupt psychomotor agitation and aggression toward his family.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but potentially lethal condition associated with neuroleptic medications. It is characterized by high temperature, extrapyramidal symptoms, autonomic variability, and changes in consciousness. Although olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic, which exhibits more affi nity to serotonin receptors than to dopamine receptors, atypical antipsychotics (like olanzapine) can cause \"typical and atypical\" forms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Previous reports of neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with olanzapine have described patients who had been previously treated with other antipsychotic medications, patients who had previous incidents of neuroleptic malignant syndrome caused by other neuroleptics, or patients treated with olanzapine and another neuroleptic. This article describes a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome linked to olanzapine in a male adolescent, 17-year old, who had not previously been treated with antipsychotic medications. He presented in an agitated state, with acute onset of fever, catatonia for 15 days, and severe negativism, refusal to eat, mutism, and brief episodes of abrupt psychomotor agitation and aggression toward his family.

Mental stress has been identified as the root cause of various physical and psychological disorders. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct timely diagnosis and assessment considering the severe effects of mental stress. In contrast to other health-related wearable devices for rehabilitation, wearable or portable devices stress assessment have not been developed yet. Moreover, an efficient and accurate algorithm is required to develop a wearable EEG based mental stress rehabilitation device. This study investigates the performance of computer-aided EEG-based approaches for mental stress assessment for Rehabilitation. Machine learning approaches are compared in terms of the time required for feature extraction and classification. After conducting tests on data for real-time experiments, it was observed that conventional machine learning approaches are time-consuming due to the computations required for feature extraction, whereas a deep learning approach results in a time-efficient classification due to automated unsupervised feature extraction. This study emphasizes that deep learning approaches can be used in wearable devices for real-time EEG-based mental stress assessment for rehabilitation.

The study aimed to assess the effect of chronic diseases on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among university students. A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted at King Abdulaziz University, involving 1173 students. Questionnaire on chronic diseases, HRQoL using the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), alongside other factors was distributed electronically. Regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with HRQoL. The mean ± SD scores across SF-36 dimensions varied, with physical functioning scoring the highest (74.81 ± 27.82) and energy/fatigue the lowest (38.52 ± 24.03). The physical and mental component summary scores were 68.07 ± 18.67 and 49.20 ± 23.17, respectively. The study found a 23.1% prevalence of multimorbidity. Multimorbidity was associated with significantly lower HRQoL across all dimensions. Female sex, low family income, and lack of exercise were predictors of poor HRQoL. High-impact diseases were strongly associated with poorer physical health. The study revealed significant burden of multimorbidity that demands targeted interventions. Focus on modifiable risk factors, such as exercise and socioeconomic support, could enhance overall well-being and prevent negative health outcomes.

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a type of Deep Learning, has a very large number of hyper-meters in contrast to the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) which makes the task of CNN training more demanding. The reason why the task of tuning parameters optimization is difficult in the CNN is the existence of a huge optimization space comprising a large number of hyper-parameters such as the number of layers, number of neurons, number of kernels, stride, padding, rows or columns truncation, parameters of the backpropagation algorithm, etc. Moreover, most of the existing techniques in the literature for the selection of these parameters are based on random practice which is developed for some specific datasets. In this work, we empirically investigated and proved that CNN performance is linked not only to choosing the right hyper-parameters but also to its implementation. More specifically, it is found that the performance is also depending on how it deals when the CNN operations require setting of hyper-parameters that do not symmetrically fit the input volume. We demonstrated two different implementations, crop or pad the input volume to make it fit. Our analysis shows that padding performs better than cropping in terms of prediction accuracy (85.58% in contrast to 82.62%) while takes lesser training time (8 minutes lesser).