Explore the vast range of titles available.

Aluminum–copper casting alloys are potential candidate materials for use in marine applications where high mechanical strength and superior fatigue resistance are desired. The corrosion and protection of aluminum alloy B206 in seawater through surface passivation continues to pose challenges, hampering its widespread use in marine structures. In this study, the electrochemical behavior of B206 is investigated in artificial seawater at temperatures and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations anticipated during service in marine environments. In particular, the influence of anodizing B206 in deaerated seawater on the subsequent corrosion behavior of the alloy is studied using potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Mott–Schottky analysis. The results showed that the effect of DO on the corrosion of B206 is more significant than the effect of temperature. In the absence of DO, results of potentiostatic polarization, EIS, and Mott–Schottky analysis at anodic potentials all indicated the development of a thicker, more protective passive layer in colder seawater. Moreover, passive layer thickness modeled using Power-Law was found to range between 3 and 9 nm, whilst decreasing in thickness with temperature. Donor densities of the n-type passive layer are on the order of 1021 cm−3 and increase with temperature. The findings presented in this study support the feasibility of implementing anodizing for B206 in marine service environments.

Additive manufacturing (AM) offers several unique advantages, including greater efficiency, design flexibility, and microstructural refinement. However, the corrosion resistance of AM-produced alloys remains a field of debate owing to the effects of printing parameters on porosity, microstructural properties, and passive film stability. The present study reports the printing of 316 L stainless steel (SS316L) specimens using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique and the subsequent testing of their corrosion resistance in 0.6 M NaCl, H 2 O 2 (0.01 M and 0.5 M), and Na 2 SO 4 (25 mM) solutions. The specimens were produced under a wide range of printing parameters, including scanning speed (500–1100 mm/s), laser power (150–330 W), and hatch distance (0.09–0.125 mm), with varying hardness, electrochemical behavior, porosity, and grain morphology and size. The results showed that an appropriate combination of scanning speed and laser power is crucial for achieving a refined microstructure and reduced porosity. The outcomes of electrochemical (EIS and PDP) studies suggest that AM-printed alloys exhibit better corrosion resistance than wrought 316 L, with specimen #19 demonstrating the best polarization resistance ( R p ) and the lowest current density (I corr ). The specimen was fabricated at a laser power of 230 W, a scan speed of 1100 mm/s, and a hatch distance of 0.09 mm, respectively. The results further show that, in NaCl solution, porosity is a crucial factor in pitting initiation. On the other hand, in H 2 O 2 solution, an increase in peroxide concentration stabilizes the passive films.

Thiosulfate salts have been known to be dangerous corrosion promoters for over 30 y, when present under typical service conditions. This paper reviews the role of thiosulfate anion in causing localized corrosion and/or stress corrosion cracking of steels. Electrochemical and mechanical aspects associated with the pitting and stress corrosion cracking of steels in thiosulfate-containing environments are thoroughly discussed and reviewed. In particular, results from the research studies relevant to pulp and paper, oil and gas, and nuclear industries, where thiosulfate ion is known to be present advertently or inadvertently, have been analyzed.

The rapid growth of industrialisation has led to the discharge of harmful effluents into water bodies, severely disrupting the balance of ecosystems. The detection and removal of dyes from wastewater remains a significant challenge. In this study, we report the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) and its doped derivatives through a facile chemical method, followed by comprehensive characterisation and analysis to assess their potential in various applications. The structural properties of the synthesised materials were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), which verified their crystalline nature and phase purity. Morphological analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) revealed well-defined nanostructures and uniform elemental distribution. The adsorption ability of the synthesized adsorbents was investigated through electrochemical methods, cyclic voltammetry and Tafel plots, which demonstrated enhanced conductivity and charge transfer characteristics. Additionally, theoretical studies through molecular modelling and molecular dynamic simulations were employed to elucidate the interactions between Congo red molecules and the surface of the synthesized compounds. Adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of ZnO and its doped variants as adsorbents. To investigate any structural or functional changes after dye adsorption FTIR and XRD were compared, provided a deeper insight into the adsorption mechanism. This multi-faceted approach highlights the potential of ZnO-based materials for effective wastewater treatment and other environmental applications.

By encouraging improved adsorption onto metal surfaces and creating a more powerful barrier against corrosive chemicals, the hydrophobic property of corrosion inhibitors raises inhibition efficiency and decreases corrosion rates. This work aims to synthesize and describe three quaternary ammonium-based copolymers (AMCs) with different hydrophobic qualities and investigate their ability to inhibit P110 CS corrosion in 15% HCl, which is helpful for casing and tubing. The results showed that AMCs act as efficient corrosion inhibitors, with over 90% inhibition efficiency ( % I E ) at 20 ppm concentration. The electrochemical investigation results indicated that the AMCs with hydrophilic and hydrophobic ratios of 100 ( 5 ), 90:10 ( 6a ), and 80:20 ( 6b ) manifest % I E of 87.74%, 92.12%, and 93.53%, respectively. The electrochemical investigations show that at the metallic surface’s active areas, AMCs successfully replace the pre-adsorbed water molecules. They are categorized as mixed-type corrosion inhibitors because they prevent both anodic and cathodic reactions without appreciably changing the corrosion potential ( E c o r r ). Their adsorption on the metallic surface follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Surface analysis tools like SEM and EDX are utilized to investigate the corrosion prevention mechanism of adsorption. The DFT analysis results show that quaternary nitrogen atoms of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties play a key role in the adsorption and charge-sharing processes. Finally, the corrosion prevention mechanism of AMCs is explained using a graphic depiction based on the ideas of electrochemical, surface, and computational studies.

Concrete, an integral part of a nuclear power plant (NPP), experiences degradation during their operational lifetime of the plant. In this review, the major causes of concrete degradation are extensively discussed including mechanisms that are specific to NPPs. The damage mechanism could be chemical or physical. The major causes of chemical degradation include alkali–aggregate reactions, leaching, sulfate attack, bases and acids attack, and carbonation. Physical degradation is a consequence of both environmental and mechanical factors combined. These factors are mainly elevated temperature, radiation, abrasion and erosion, salt crystallization, freeze–thaw distortions, fatigue and vibration. Additionally, steel reinforcements, prestressing steels, liner plates, and structural steel also experience degradation. The prospective areas in the structural components of the NPP where the degradation could occur are mentioned and the effective solutions to the causes of degradation are highlighted. These solutions are designed to enhance the physical and chemical characteristics of concrete. Some of the major recommendations include addition of mineral substitutes, use of low water-to-cement ratio as well as low water-to-binder ratio, use of low alkali cement, use of special aggregates and fibers, use of corrosion inhibitors, use of cathodic protection, etc. The review concludes with an overview of present methods and possible recommendations used to enhance the quality of concrete towards preventing concrete degradation and increasing the lifetime of NPPs.

The widespread use of pesticides poses significant threats to both environmental and human health, primarily due to their potential toxic effects. The study investigated the cardiovascular toxicity of selected pesticides, focusing on their interactions with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), an important part of the innate immune system. Using computational tools such as molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, principal component analysis (PCA), density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and ADME analysis, this study identified C160 as having the lowest binding affinity (-8.2 kcal/mol), followed by C107 and C165 (-8.0 kcal/mol). RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and hydrogen bond metrics indicated the formation of stable complexes between specific pesticides and TLR4. PCA revealed significant structural changes upon ligand binding, affecting stability and flexibility, while DFT calculations provided information about the stability, reactivity, and polarity of the compounds. ADME studies highlighted the solubility, permeability, and metabolic stability of C107, C160, and C165, suggesting their potential for bioavailability and impact on cardiovascular toxicity. C107 and C165 exhibit higher bioactivity scores, indicating favourable absorption, metabolism, and distribution properties. C165 also violated rule where molecular weight is greater than 500 g/mol. Further, DFT and NCI analysis of post MD conformations confirmed the binding of ligands at the binding pocket. The analysis shed light on the molecular mechanisms of pesticide-induced cardiovascular toxicity, aiding in the development of strategies to mitigate their harmful effects on human health.

Highlights This review provides the first comprehensive collection of electrochemical corrosion mechanisms in Zn-, Al-, Mg-, Na-, organic-, and bio-based batteries, highlighting their safety and hazardous effects of corrosion in sustainable batteries. This review uniquely presents the connection of electrochemical corrosion with dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution, impedance growth, recycling challenges, capacity fading, and safety hazards. This provides a next-generation solution, such as corrosion inhibitors, bio-derived additives, metal–organic frameworks, deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, gel electrolytes, and interfacial and surface engineering approaches. The swift transition to sustainable energy has heightened demand for high-performance, safe, and environmentally responsible battery technologies. Zn₋, Mg₋, Na₋, Al₋, Fe₋, organic, and bio-based systems offer several advantages over traditional resource-intensive and toxic alternatives. However, their practical implications are significantly challenged by their susceptibility to electrochemical corrosion, which adversely affects their efficiency, longevity, safety, recyclability, and reversibility. Corrosion is one of the most significant and persistent barriers to the development of next-generation energy storage systems. This review comprehensively presents unified mechanisms of corrosion across diverse sustainable battery systems, with a detailed account of pitting, uniform, galvanic, intergranular, and passivation-related degradation pathways. The article presents a unique comparison of the degradation mechanisms of Zn, Al, Mg, and other anodes in different electrolytes. Corrosion mitigation strategies, including surface passivation, surface engineering, alloying, use of surfactants and polymer-based films, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, metal–organic frameworks, heterocycles, and bio-based multifunctional corrosion inhibitors, have been comprehensively surveyed. These inhibitors suppress the increase in cycle life, achieving inhibition efficiencies of over 90%. Lastly, the review highlights the design of molecular-level corrosion inhibitors, interfacial engineering, real-time corrosion testing, advanced electrolytes, and forward-looking directions, all of which are essential to the development of sustainable, stable energy storage systems.

A durable and radiation-resistant concrete is crucial for NPPs and other nuclear facilities where radiation exposure is critical. Concrete in arid regions is subjected to increased ambient temperatures, external sulfate exposure, and aggressive chemical attacks. The study examines the effect of increased ambient temperatures of 50 °C on the durability of mortar and its radiation shielding properties, in conjunction with chemical sulfate exposure. Two mortar batches were prepared: the first utilized ordinary Portland cement as the sole binder (O samples), while the second incorporated a blended binder comprising 5% Silica Fume(SF) and 65% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as partial cement replacements by weight (SG samples). To achieve this, experiments were conducted to assess mechanical properties, including compressive strength and flexural performance. Non-destructive techniques, such as resistivity and UPV, were used as indicators for the degradation of mortars. The attenuation coefficient was determined using Cs-137 and Co-60 gamma radioactive sources, along with an HPGe detector, at photon energies of 662, 1173, and 1333 keV, respectively. The results showed a correlation between sulfate-induced deterioration and changes in both mechanical performance and shielding efficiency, with apparent variations depending on the type of sulfate solution and exposure conditions. Overall, there was up to 65% and 23% increase in compressive strength of O and SG samples, respectively, after 120 days of sulfate exposure. The density remains unchanged for all samples after exposure to sulfate. At a photon energy of 1173 keV, the results indicated that the SG samples exhibited an increase in attenuation coefficient of approximately 23%, 15%, and 4% after exposure to Na 2 SO 4 , MgSO 4 , and Na 2 SO 4  + NaCl, respectively, at 50 °C for 120 days. At the same time, O samples showed a reduction of approximately 7%, 10% and 10% under the same conditions.

In hot climates, concrete deteriorates faster due to high temperatures, moisture changes, and chemical attack. This study examines the effects of thermal diffusion and related environmental stressors on the progression of sulfate attack in mortar. Prismatic mortar specimen and cubes were fabricated using ordinary Portland cement as well as blends incorporating silica fume and ground granulated blast furnace slag. These samples were exposed to 10% w/v Na 2 SO 4 and MgSO 4 , solutions for up to 120 days. Mortar samples were subjected to sulfate attack under varying thermal and moisture regimes, including isothermal immersion and partial immersion at 50 °C. Results show that exposure to MgSO 4 led to significant mass and volumetric increases due to salt crystallization within pores and on surfaces, whereas samples exposed to thermal gradients experienced the greatest mass and volume losses, attributed to drying shrinkage and thermal stress. Flexural strength declined under thermal diffusion, showing accelerated degradation from thermal and humidity gradients. Notably, mortars with SF–GGBFS blends showed 10–13 times higher pre-exposure and 7–10 times higher post-exposure resistivity than ordinary mortars, demonstrating superior resistance to chemical ingress. Ultrasonic pulse velocity dropped up to 8% under thermal diffusion, whereas isothermal samples showed gains, indicating ongoing hydration and pore filling. These findings emphasize the role of binder composition and the influence of thermal diffusion on concrete degradation in aggressive environments.