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Narratives of trauma told by clients and communities of color have inspired an increasing number of civil rights and antiracist lawyers and academics to call for more trauma-informed training for law students and lawyers. These advocates have argued not only for greater trauma-sensitive practices and trauma-centered interventions on behalf of adversely impacted individuals and groups but also for greater awareness of the rish of secondary or vicarious trauma for lawyers who represent traumatized clients and communities. In this Article, we join this chorus of attorneys and academics. Harnessing the recent civil rights case of P.P. v. Compton Unified School District, we illustrate how trauma-informed lawyering can both advance civil rights and provide healing for affected communities and individuals. In so doing, we focus our analysis on the use of racial trauma evidence in the Compton school litigation specifically and in contemporary civil rights representation more generally. Building on our prior work on race, cultural trauma, and civil rights lawyering, we investigate the meaning of racial trauma for individual, group, and community clients and for their legal teams while detailing the importance of establishing a trauma-informed practice for today's civil rights lawyers. This litigation-based investigation shows that sociolegal meaning is bound up in the struggle to accommodate community violence-centered racial trauma advocacy within traditional lawyering processes and legal ethics frameworks. Often overlooked, that ethical and professional struggle affects the form and substance of lawyer decisionmaking and discretion in civil rights cases.

Steel porous materials are multifunctional lightweight materials with a great potential in several applications. Their properties are strongly influenced by type, dimension and distribution of pores. Selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the most important additive manufacturing technologies, which allows to properly control the main parameters that affect the behavior of manufactured porous materials. The purpose of this study is to simulate the room temperature compression behavior of steel specimens with large spherical pores built via SLM. Such a construction is a highly innovative manufacturing concept. The numerical simulation covers the whole deformation range undergone by specimens that is up to 80% nominal strain. In this regard, three finite element models of the specimens subjected to uniaxial compression are developed including different levels of detail. The Hollomon model is selected as the constitutive model given in input to the FE simulations. Although experimental tests highlight a highly nonlinear behavior entailing plastic collapse of porous samples, numerical simulations can accurately reproduce experimental results. Modeling issues that may contribute to limit the computational cost of simulations yet preserving good level of accuracy of FE results also are discussed in the article.

In this study, we tested the association between COPD and interstitial lung abnormality (ILA), notably in relation to the presence of computed tomography (CT) signs of lung fibrosis. COPD cases were selected from participants undergoing lung cancer screening (Multicentric Italian Lung Detection trial) for airflow obstruction (n=311/2,303, 13.5%) and 146 consecutive patients with clinical COPD. In all, 457 COPD cases were selected and classified according to the stages of Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. A nested matching (case:control = 1:2) according to age, sex, and smoking history was operated between each COPD case and two control subjects from Multicentric Italian Lung Detection trial without airflow obstruction. Low-dose CT scans of COPD cases and controls were reviewed for the presence of ILA, which were classified into definite or indeterminate according to the presence of signs of lung fibrosis. The frequency of definite ILA was similar between COPD cases and controls (P=0.2), independent of the presence of signs of lung fibrosis (P=0.07). Combined definite and indeterminate ILA was homogeneously distributed across Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stages (P=0.6). Definite ILA was directly associated with current smoker status (odds ratio [OR] 4.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.2-7.4) and increasing pack-years (OR 1.01, 95% CI: 1-1.02). Subjects with any fibrotic ILA were more likely to be older (OR 1.17, 95% CI: 1.10-1.25) and male (OR 8.58, 95% CI: 1.58-68.9). There was no association between COPD and definite ILA. However, low-dose CT signs of lung fibrosis were also observed in COPD, and their clinical relevance is yet to be determined.

Wood is very susceptible to the action of biotic and abiotic agents: it can be mentioned as the three main ones, wood-decay fungi, humidity and fire Currently, there is a growing interest in the protection of wood and wood products to extend it life in service, using environmentally friendly preservatives. The aim of this paper was the study of nano/silane impregnation system for Wood protection from biotic and abiotic factors. The biotic agents studied have been wood decay fungi and the abiotic agents have been moisture and fire. In conclusion, this paper has shown that all the treatments have presented an excellent protective performance against biotic and abiotic agents. In important to mentioned that a synergistic effect can be observed when generating the silane/nanoparticle mixtures, resulting in protective systems with excellent efficiency for all the degrading agents. Moreover, it presents an easy application (immersion), which represents not only a watertight protective system, but also a set of systems that may be used and managed according to the availability of the active components, the available costs, and, most importantly, without having to modify the form of application.

BackgroundQuantitative analysis of chest CT (QCT) is increasingly applied to characterization of Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) associated to Systemic Sclerosis (SSc). However, there is no prognostic evidence for QCT in predicting lung detrimental evolution or death. Many Authors proposed composite clinical indexes to predict 1-year mortality. Recently the ILD-GAP index and du Bois index were proven to stratify ILD-SSc patients in outcome-related subgroups.ObjectivesThe main aim of this study was to compare QCT assessment of SSc-ILD and composite clinical indexes in the selection of patients with high risk of mortality.MethodsChest CT, anamnestic data and pulmonary function test of 146 patients with SSc were retrospectively collected and ILD-GAP and DuBois score were calculated. Each chest CT underwent a quantitative assessment. Correlation between clinical prediction models and QCT parameters was tested. p<0,05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsAll QCT parameters had a statistically different distribution in patients with diverging mortality risk according to both clinical prediction models. The cut-off of QCT parameters were calculated by ROC curve analysis, with statistically significant value as compared to clinical prediction models (AUC >0.7, p<0.0001).ConclusionsQCT assessment of SSc-ILD can distinguish between different mortality risk categories, therefore it yields prognostic value. These findings, together with the operator-independence, strengthen the accuracy of QCT for assessment of SSc-ILD.Disclosure of InterestNone declared

Community lawyering is all about faith, faith in others and faith outside the law. For progressive lawyers working in the fields of civil rights and poverty law, faith is expressed in the professional norms of legal-political activism. Ours is the positivist faith of the lawyer-engineer laboring inside the law. Positivism imbues legal-political activists with a deeply held belief in the inexorable progress of law and social reform. Even when our labor falters or the agents and institutions of the law thwart our progress, we hold fast to a reformist conviction accrued from a half century of engagement in political and legal struggle. This belief leads to an almost empirical confidence in lawyer-fashioned solutions crafted from a mix of accumulated judgment and technocratic expertise. Although tempered by the two decades-long retrenchment of the Rehnquist Court and the retreat of the Roberts Court from the civil rights horizons of the late twentieth century, that confidence, albeit diminished, remains unbroken.

This Essay addresses the ethic of community in criminal prosecution. Long echoed in the rhetoric of criminal justice, the ethic continues to gain greater resonance through the expanding advocacy practice of community prosecution. Engrafted from the community-policing and community-court movements of the last decade, and invigorated by interdisciplinary research high-lighting the influence of community norms on civic character and society, the ethic emphasizes the values of citizen participation, institutional decentralization, and local accountability in the prosecution function. These values are intended to foster citizen-state collaboration and grassroots equality initiatives within the criminal-justice system. Aspiring to prevent individual crime and enhance collective welfare, the practice envisions more responsive, community-oriented prosecutorial roles and strategies.

Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) type III is a key mediator of Schwann cell development and myelination and is known to undergo proteolytic cleavage to produce an intracellular fragment. In this study, the authors show that this intracellular fragment of NRG1 modulates myelination by inducing the expression of a prostaglandin synthase (L-PGDS) which, in turn, leads to prostaglandin production and activation of GPR44. Neuregulin 1 type III is processed following regulated intramembrane proteolysis, which allows communication from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. We found that the intracellular domain of neuregulin 1 type III upregulated the prostaglandin D2 synthase ( L-pgds , also known as Ptgds ) gene, which, together with the G protein–coupled receptor Gpr44, forms a previously unknown pathway in PNS myelination. Neuronal L-PGDS is secreted and produces the PGD2 prostanoid, a ligand of Gpr44. We found that mice lacking L-PGDS were hypomyelinated. Consistent with this, specific inhibition of L-PGDS activity impaired in vitro myelination and caused myelin damage. Furthermore, in vivo ablation and in vitro knockdown of glial Gpr44 impaired myelination. Finally, we identified Nfatc4, a key transcription factor for myelination, as one of the downstream effectors of PGD2 activity in Schwann cells. Thus, L-PGDS and Gpr44 are previously unknown components of an axo-glial interaction that controls PNS myelination and possibly myelin maintenance.

Wood is highly susceptible to the damaging effects of biological agents. Consequently, there is a growing interest in protecting wood and wood artworks using environmentally friendly preservatives. The objective of this paper was to study the effectiveness of a nano/siliconate impregnation system for wood protection against wood decay fungi. The study was conducted on samples of Pinus ponderosa. The modifiers or protective agents used included siliconates and nanoparticles. The impregnating agent was applied using a brush, treating the solution as a wood stain. To analyze the protective capacity of the treatment against biodeterioration, the decay resistance test was conducted by exposing the samples to two fungal species, brown rot and white rot, for 16 weeks. The results showed that wood treated with nano/siliconate exhibited excellent resistance to decay. It is worth mentioning that synergistic effects were observed when siliconate and nanoparticles were mixed. Additionally, the impregnant was easy to apply, making it suitable for use on various wood objects and providing the necessary versatility for the protection of heritage wood.

Traditionally, poverty lawyers, criminal defenders, and clinical teachers have overlooked John Hart Ely's theory of judicial review in teaching the lawyering process and in representing impoverished clients and their communities. But the egalitarian themes of Ely \"S work on judicial review, reflected in his early contribution to Gideon v. Wainwright and his service as a public defender, resonate deeply with the practice of lawyering for the poor and the disenfranchised. Indeed, Ely saw the good lawyer as mindful of racially motivated inequality and unequal access in both law and politics. Nonetheless, situated within the advocacy traditions of liberal legalism, his vision of lawyering defined race consciousness and racial equality narrowly, eschewing the notion of race-contingent identity and community as dignity-based process values linked to cultural, social, and political standing. Although constrained by legal process considerations of lawyer role, institutional function, and political legitimacy, Ely's defense of minority equality rights and political access norms can be read to extend the reach of liberal lawyering by supporting antisubordination axioms of democratic empowerment and minority collaboration. Ely's fusion of democracy and equality in legal process bridges constitutional theory and clinical practice to offer an enriching vision of progressive lawyering in impoverished, crime-ridden communities.