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The increasing influence of fashion bloggers has transformed how individuals perceive and express their identity, particularly in Egypt. This study investigates the impact of fashion bloggers on Egyptian consumers, focusing on their fashion preferences, identity formation, and cultural alignment. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates a survey and in-depth interviews with Egyptian fashion bloggers, influencers and marketing experts. Survey findings reveal that Instagram and TikTok dominate as preferred platforms, with 65% of respondents spending over three hours daily on social media. While 83.4% of participants admitted purchasing items endorsed by fashion bloggers, 53.4% cited real-life examples as the primary reason for trusting influencers over traditional advertisements. Despite this, 48.9% of respondents modify fashion bloggers' styles to align with their tastes. Conflicts between fashion trends and cultural identity emerged, with 47.5% striving to balance both, and 62.3% perceiving that blogger-promoted styles only occasionally align with Egyptian traditions. Qualitative insights reveal that fashion bloggers view their role as not merely trendsetters but cultural mediators, navigating between global influences and local traditions. However, their globalized aesthetics often challenge cultural norms, enhancing identity fluidity among younger demographics. This research highlights the dual influence of fashion bloggers in shaping consumer behavior and cultural preferences while raising concerns about diminishing cultural authenticity. By analyzing these dynamics, the study provides a significant understanding of the intersection between social media, fashion, and identity in contemporary Egypt.

This study explores the impact of doctor-selection applications on patient decision-making and healthcare choices in Egypt. Through a survey, the research examines how app features, such as user reviews, ratings, and ease of use, influence healthcare decisions. The findings indicate that Veezeta is the most popular app, with the majority of users engaging with it 1-3 times. Key features such as doctor reviews, reservations, and transparency were highly valued by participants. While most users felt empowered by these apps, challenges such as limited doctor availability, inaccurate information, and usability issues were identified. Payment options were generally satisfactory, although some participants experienced difficulties with processing and refunds. The study reveals that doctor-selection applications significantly enhance healthcare access by empowering patients to make informed choices. However, disparities in digital literacy and technology access remain barriers for certain populations. The research concludes that these applications offer a promising tool for improving patient engagement and decision-making, though there is a need for further improvements in app accuracy, features, and accessibility to ensure broader adoption and satisfaction.

This study explores the impact of Snapchat streaks on the mental health of Egyptian teenagers, focusing on the psychological and behavioral effects associated with maintaining streaks. Through a quantitative method, the research investigates key areas such as the time spent on Snapchat, the importance of streaks, the perceived social connection, and the motivations behind maintaining them. The study reveals that while the majority of respondents engage with Snapchat for brief periods, a significant portion prioritizes maintaining streaks, with 35.4% considering them very important. Notably, streaks contribute to a sense of social connection for over half of the participants. However, the study also highlights concerning behaviors, including late-night app use, prioritization of streaks oversleep or study, and emotional distress when streaks are lost. Emotional responses such as disappointment and sadness were common, suggesting that streaks can impact mental well-being. Furthermore, the study found that streaks significantly contribute to attachment to the application, with over half of the participants reporting heightened engagement. The findings highlight the social pressures and potential psychological implications of Snapchat streaks.

This study aims to examine the role of Egyptian media in promoting sustainable natural resources through TV commercials and to explore the effectiveness of these commercials in providing information, raising awareness, and shaping attitudes and behaviors towards sustainable natural resources among Egyptians. The study used a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods. The survey revealed that the majority of respondents had prior knowledge of eco-friendly products and natural resources, and the presidential campaign «Ethadar Lel Akhdar» was the most-watched TV ad. Dependency on celebrities› endorsements was the most effective means to reach the audience, and new media platforms were the most effective medium for promoting environmental awareness. While the results of the content analysis focused on three TV ads: the Ethadar Lel Akhdar campaign's TV advertisement, the National Council of Women's TV advertisement and the National Council of Women's TV advertisement. The ads used a variety of visual elements and frames were found, such as crisis, call-toaction, individual responsibility, and environmental conservation frames, to emphasize the importance of taking action to protect the environment. The ads are serious in tone and use emotional appeals to evoke a sense of responsibility and motivation in viewers.

This study examines the relationship between marketing strategies and consumers› car purchasing decisions in Egypt, addressing the gap in understanding how specific marketing tactics influence consumer behavior in the automotive market. The study uses the Expectancy-Value Model (EVM) of Attitudes to explore consumer behavior and decision-making in the context of car purchasing in Egypt, A quantitative method was employed, with data collected through a survey of 200 Egyptian consumers, using a convenience sampling method, exploring various aspects such as pre-sale advertisements, brand loyalty, economic trends, and demographic factors. The results reveal that a significant portion of respondents (64%) are considering purchasing a car in the next year, with a preference for new cars (71%). Marketing strategies, particularly price discounts and promotions (29%), play a critical role in shaping purchasing decisions, followed by positive reviews and testimonials (24.5%). Car brands like BMW (32%) and Mercedes Benz (24%) are identified as the most influential through marketing efforts. Economic conditions and social trends, such as environmental consciousness, also impact car purchase decisions, with 45% of respondents acknowledging significant or very significant influences from these factors. Demographic analysis shows that young adults (85% aged 1825-) and females (67.5%) dominate the surveyed population, with a majority (56%) not currently owning a car, suggesting a strong potential market.

This study explores the impact of guerrilla marketing strategies on Egyptian consumer perception of brands, focusing on their effectiveness in a competitive market environment. Using the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) as the theoretical framework, the research examines how unconventional and creative marketing approaches influence consumer perceptions, brand awareness, and purchasing behavior. A quantitative survey was conducted and selected through simple random sampling. Key findings reveal that 70.9% of participants view street marketing as attention-grabbing, while 78% believe unique campaigns can generate long-term engagement. Familiarity with guerrilla marketing remains varied, with 35.4% having never encountered the term, highlighting a need for increased exposure. The study found that 85.7% of respondents were more engaged by advertisements featuring humor or unexpected elements, and 64.6% perceived unconventional advertising techniques as more powerful than traditional methods. Additionally, 81.2% agreed that surprising marketing tactics enhance stronger brand-audience connections, while 73% acknowledged cultural influences on their perception of guerrilla campaigns. The research also highlights demographic trends, with young adults (20-34 years) forming the largest segment of respondents. These findings highlight the potential of guerrilla marketing to enhance brand recall, enhance consumer loyalty, and drive purchasing decisions in Egypt's culturally nuanced market.

Purpose Adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma (PHEO) presents a significant challenge due to the high incidence of early hospital readmission (ER). This study evaluated the incidence and risk factors of ER for PHEO within 30 days of adrenalectomy. Methods A retrospective analysis of 346 patients > 18 years with unilateral PHEO who underwent adrenalectomy between September 2012 and September 2024. The patients were categorised into ER ( n  = 49) and no ER ( n  = 297) groups. Logistic regression analyses were performed to predict risk factors for ER. Results The most common causes of ER were postoperative maintained hypotension (42.9%), bleeding (6.1%), ileus (24.5%), wound infection (4.1%), hyperkalemia (8.2%), pneumonia (2%), intra-abdominal abscess (2%), acute MI (4.1%), and colonic injury (6.1%). Most postoperative complications were Clavien-Dindo grade II ( n  = 40, 81.6%). Two perioperative deaths (4%) occurred in the ER group. Logistic regression showed that low body mass index (OR 0.849, 95% CI, 0.748–0.964; p  = 0.012), tumor size < 5 cm (OR 0.096, 95% CI, 0.030–0.310; p  < 0.001), and low ASA (OR 0.435, 95% CI, 0.249–0.761; p  = 0.003) were associated with risk reduction for ER while malignancy (OR 5.302, 95% CI, 1.214–23.164; p  = 0.027), open approach(OR 12.247, 95% CI, 5.227–28.694; p  < 0.001), and intraoperative complications (OR 19.149, 95% CI, 7.091–51.710; p  < 0.001) were associated with risk increase of ER. Conclusion Postoperatively maintained hypotension and ileus were the most common causes of ER. Low body mass index, tumour size < 5 cm, and low ASA were risk reductions for ER, while malignancy, open approach, and intraoperative complications were the independent risk increase factors.

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes wide range of nosocomial and community-acquired infections which have spread worldwide leading to an urgent need for developing effective anti-staphylococcal agents. Efflux is an important resistance mechanism that bacteria used to fight the antimicrobial action. This study aimed to investigate the efflux mechanism in S. aureus and assess diclofenac, domperidone, glyceryl trinitrate and metformin as potential efflux pump inhibitors that can be used in combination with antibiotics for treating topical infections caused by S. aureus. Efflux was detected qualitatively by the ethidium bromide Cart-Wheel method followed by investigating the presence of efflux genes by polymerase chain reaction. Twenty-six isolates were selected for further investigation of efflux by Cart-Wheel method in absence and presence of tested compounds followed by quantitative efflux assay. Furthermore, antibiotics minimum inhibitory concentrations in absence and presence of tested compounds were determined. The effects of tested drugs on expression levels of efflux genes norA, fexA and tetK were determined by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction. Efflux was found in 65.3% of isolates, the prevalence of norA, tetK, fexA and msrA genes were 91.7%, 77.8%, 27.8% and 6.9%. Efflux assay revealed that tested drugs had potential efflux inhibitory activities, reduced the antibiotic's MICs and significantly decreased the relative expression of efflux genes. Diclofenac sodium, domperidone and glyceryl trinitrate showed higher efflux inhibitory activities than verapamil and metformin. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows that diclofenac sodium, glyceryl trinitrate and domperidone have efflux pump inhibitory activities against S. aureus.

We have recently shown that sperm attachment to bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) triggers uterine local innate immunity with induction of a pro-inflammatory response in vitro, however details of the mechanism remain unknown. Here, we investigated the involvement of Toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4) pathway in mediating sperm-BEECs inflammatory process. Immunohistochemistry of the uterine tissue revealed that TLR2 and TLR4 proteins were present in the luminal and glandular epithelia of bovine endometrium. Moreover, BEECs monolayers were treated with TLR2 agonist (Pam; 0, 10, 100, and 1000 ng/ml) or TLR4 agonist (LPS; 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 ng/ml) for 0, 1, 3, or 6 h, followed by evaluating mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory genes (TNFA, IL-1B, IL-8, and PGES) in BEECs using a real-time PCR. Both Pam and LPS treatments showed a dose-dependent stimulation of mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory genes. To elucidate the functional role of TLR2/4 in sperm-BEECs interaction, BEECs monolayers were incubated with either TLR2 antagonist or TLR4 antibody for 2 h prior to the co-culture with sperm for 3 h. Importantly, pre-incubation of BEECs with TLR2 antagonist or TLR4 antibody prevented the stimulatory effect of sperm on the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes in BEECs. Furthermore, sperm increased the phosphorylation levels of TLR2/4 downstream targets (p38MAPK and JNK) in BEECs within 1 h of the co-culture. Treatment of BEECs with TLR2 antagonist prior to sperm addition inhibited JNK phosphorylation, while TLR4 antibody inhibited the phosphorylation of both p38MAPK and JNK. In conclusion, the present in vitro findings strongly suggest that bovine endometrial epithelial cells respond to sperm via TLR2/4 signal transduction.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a group of enzymes that play an essential role in Phase I metabolism, with 57 functional genes classified into 18 families in the human genome, of which the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 families are prominent. Beyond drug metabolism, CYP enzymes metabolize endogenous compounds such as lipids, proteins, and hormones to maintain physiological homeostasis. Thus, dysregulation of CYP450 enzymes can lead to different endocrine disorders. Moreover, CYP450 enzymes significantly contribute to fatty acid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, and bile acid biosynthesis, impacting cellular physiology and disease pathogenesis. Their diverse functions emphasize their therapeutic potential in managing hypercholesterolemia and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, CYP450 enzymes are implicated in the onset and development of illnesses such as cancer, influencing chemotherapy outcomes. Assessment of CYP450 enzyme expression and activity aids in evaluating liver health state and differentiating between liver diseases, guiding therapeutic decisions, and optimizing drug efficacy. Understanding the roles of CYP450 enzymes and the clinical effect of their genetic polymorphisms is crucial for developing personalized therapeutic strategies and enhancing drug responses in diverse patient populations.