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In developing countries, it is generally believed that a good health status and education (human capital) bring economic well-being and benefits. Some researchers have found that there are overall financial returns and income premiums correlated with human capital because of its excellent and higher ability. Due to different views and a lack of consensus, the role of human capital is still ambiguous and poorly understood. This study investigates the economic returns of health status, education level, and social interaction, that is, whether and how human capital and social interaction affect employment and income premiums. Using the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) for specification bias, we used the instrumental variable (IV) approach to specify the endogeneity and interaction effect in order to identify the impact and economic returns of human capital and social interaction on the values of other control and observed variables. However, we show that an individual with strong and higher human capital positively affects economic returns, but the variability of these estimates differs across estimators. Being more socially interactive is regarded as a type of social interaction but as not human capital in the labor market; thus, the empirical findings of this study reflect social stability and that the economic well-being of socially active individuals is an advantaged situation. Furthermore, men with substantial human capital and social interaction are in a more advantaged position compared to women with similar abilities.

The Role of OIC in Global Governance cannot be ignored by considering it a weak organization on the World stage. Globally, the OIC represents more than 1.8 billion people. As soon as the OIC was founded, it began assisting Muslim nations in their conflict resolution. The OIC became successful at mediating various feuds between Muslims, but it rarely served as an influential organization. It is imperative that all OIC organs, standing committees, and agencies do their part to ensure the stability of Muslim world governance at all levels. This paper argues that the role of OIC in the world politics cannot be ignored because it is the second biggest organization which stretched in four continents of the world. A review of the official websites of the OIC, Standing Committees, and agencies of the OIC was conducted to gather primary data. OIC officials and diplomats from the Muslim World were interviewed.

Muslims regard Islam as a complete code of conduct because it provides guidance in all aspects of life. Islamic teachings cover nearly all areas of knowledge, including medical sciences. Islam offers a unique perspective on how to treat wounds and illnesses. Islamic wound treatment methods are distinct and recognized by modern science. For Muslims, the only true treatment for illnesses and injuries is that mentioned in the Holy Quran and practiced by the Holy Prophet himself throughout his lifetime. Islamic treatments for various internal and external wounds and illnesses, such as the use of honey, black cumin, Indian incense, cupping, and cauterization, are extremely beneficial in treating both internal and external wounds. Islamic diets are high in beneficial nutrients for the body, such as ginger, figs, dates, and olive oil, and Islamic rituals such as five daily prayers, ablution, and fasting are very effective at keeping the body wound resistant. A healthy body has a strong immune system that can fight off various illnesses and injuries. To reach a definitive conclusion, a thorough examination of Islam’s original and fundamental sources, such as the Holy Quran and the sayings of the Holy Prophet, was carried out. Although modern science has validated the majority of the approaches emphasized by Islamic teachings, much more research is needed to validate Islamic sayings about medical sciences.

The focus of the current article was to determine the cultural contexts of corruption with specific reference to administrative norms within Pakistani society. A total of 384 respondents were selected from four public sector organizations. Data was collected through the Likert scale based questionnaire. Statistical analysis using the Chi-square test was used to evaluate and establish associations between the variables. At the bi-variate level, statistical analysis revealed that corruption perception was found to be significantly associated to certain variable. Based on the comprehensive findings of this research, a number of policy recommendations and proposals include: redefining and revitalizing religious and moral values of honesty, dedication, uprightness and patriotism at the family, educational and community levels through active participation of all societal segments with specific emphasis on media, religious leaders, teachers and politicians; the promotion of social equality in rights irrespective of power status of societal members; the devaluation and demoralization of corruption through legal punishments and social sanctions; the promotion of admirations and rewards for honesty; devising research based policies and legislation to discourage norms that promote corruption; and the introduction of anti-corruption courses at all educational levels in Pakistani society.

Deficiency of sulfur (S) has been recognized for both dry and wetland plants as a significant growth limiting factor. S-oxidizers enhance the oxidation rate of S and increase sulfate (SO 4  − 2 ) production by making them available in critical growth stages, resulting in higher plant growth and yield. A two-phase study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of microbial redox reactions on soil nutrient bioavailability and crop growth. In the first phase isolation of S bacteria was carried out while in the second phase, a pot experiment was conducted and these bacteria were evaluated as a nutrient source along with different ratios of NPK fertilizer by growing canola ( Brassica napus ) as a test crop. Treatment combinations were, viz., Control (no inoculum), ½ NPK fertilizer (50, 30, and 25 kg ha −1 ), Full NPK fertilizer (100, 60, and 50 kg ha −1 ), ½ NPK+SOB, ½  NPK+SRB and ½ NPK+SOB+SRB. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) strains were isolated from samples and then screened based on pH reduction (in thiosulphate broth). Sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB) are characterized by their anaerobic energy metabolism based on the dissimilatory reduction of SO 4 −2 to hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) or S ° to be useful for SOB. Among different bacterial consortiums, the best results for nutrient bioavailability (macro- and micronutrient) in soil and plant the treatment ½ NPK+SOB+SRB compared to full NPK increased soil N, P, K, and SO₄ by 15.9%, 38%, 2.0%, and 72%, respectively. In plants, it boosted N, K, and SO₄ by 7.7%, 31%, and 239%, respectively. The greatest pH reduction (4%) was observed with ½ NPK+SOB relative to full NPK. This study demonstrates that microbial inoculation along with ½ NPK increases the bioavailability of macro- and micronutrients for crops.

Higher pH of calcareous soils and mineral fertilizers lowers the bioavailability of plant nutrients. Hence, it requires amending the nature of nutrients input through suitable bioactive materials, like sulfur (S), organic, microbial, and nano-materials. This study assessed the effects of S-enriched composites of organo-phosphate (OP) and bio-organic phosphate (BOP) on soil and plant attributes. Elemental sulfur (ES) and nano-sulfur (NS) were admixed separately in compost and rock phosphate (RP) with/without sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB), viz., Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans . Sulfur-based amalgams were incubated at 25–35 °C for 60 days to develop S-enriched organo-phosphate (ES-OP) and bio-organic phosphate (ES-BOP and NS-BOP) composites. Greenhouse and micro-plot experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of these composites on nutrients bioavailability and vegetative growth of maize. Treatments included control (no sulfur), ES (12.5 kg ha −1 ), ES-OP (50 kg ha −1 ), ES-BOP (50 kg ha −1 ), and NS-BOP (50 kg ha −1 ) application in soil. Inoculation with SOB in both ES-BOP and NS-BOP reduced the pH and increased macronutrients as compared to ES-OP. Thus, ES-BOP and NS-BOP improved maize growth and soil nutrients status. Composite NS-BOP rendered the highest N, P, K, and S concentrations in both soil and plants due to lower soil pH. Application of S-BOP containing Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans , and use of nano-S are beneficial for improving nutrients bioavailability and plant growth in calcareous soils via pH reduction. These composites are low-cost, nutrients-rich, and have greater efficiency than fertilizers in calcareous soil.

The purpose of this work was to observe the effect of irrigation intervals on the safety of Tricho-cards from secondary predators in a cotton field. Biological control is an important approach for decreasing the population of various insect pests. These beneficial organisms play an essential role in natural pest regulation and are economically valued. The study was conducted at NIA experimental fields, TandoJam, Sindh, Pakistan. Effects of irrigation with ants as secondary predators against Trichogramma chilonis revealed no obvious predation on S. cereallela egg but the ant, maximum emergence (72.97%) of T. chilonis from S. cereallela egg and parasitism (87.19%) by T. chilonis on borer species was recorded in the plots of T1 (Trich-cards stabled after 24 hours of irrigation to the cotton field) and maximum predation (66.82%), minimum emergence (13.54%) and (19.19%) respectively, was seen in T7 (Tricho-cards stabled after 13 days of irrigation to the cotton field). It is concluded that no obvious difference in insect pest population was seen among both genotypes i.e; IR-NIBGE-4 and IR-NIBGE-5 (Bt cotton) and SADURI or NIA-NORI (non-Bt cotton). Tricho-cards stabled after 24 hours of irrigation on to cotton Plant in the field reduce the chance of Ants damaging Tricho-cards that eventually enhanced the emergence of T. chilonis and its parasitism on bollworms. The Biocontrol technique is a cheap and environment-friendly approach to controlling pests. Thus, the study validates that ants, irrigation intervals, Chrysoperla carnea, Sitotroga cereallela and Tricho-cards are much more effective to control pest in a cotton field.

This article describes a novel quasi-real time system for quantitative and volumetric measurement of tissue elasticity in the prostate. Tissue elasticity is computed by using a local frequency estimator to measure the three dimensional local wavelengths of a steady-state shear wave within the prostate gland. The shear wave is created using a mechanical voice coil shaker which transmits multi-frequency vibrations transperineally. Radio frequency data is streamed directly from a BK Medical 8848 trans-rectal ultrasound transducer to an external computer where tissue displacement due to the excitation is measured using a speckle tracking algorithm. Bandpass sampling is used that eliminates the need for an ultra fast frame rate to track the tissue motion and allows for accurate reconstruction at a sampling frequency that is below the Nyquist rate. A roll motor with computer control is used to rotate the sagittal array of the transducer and obtain the 3D data. Two CIRS phantoms were used to validate both the accuracy of the elasticity measurement as well as the functional feasibility of using the system for in vivo prostate imaging. The system has been used in two separate clinical studies as a method for cancer identification. The results, presented here, show numerical and visual correlations between our stiffness measurements and cancer likelihood as determined from pathology results. Initial published results using this system include an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.82+/-0.01 with regards to prostate cancer identification in the peripheral zone.