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NK cells use a variety of receptors to detect abnormal cells, including tumors and their metastases. However, in the case of melanoma, it remains to be determined what specific molecular interactions are involved and whether NK cells control metastatic progression and/or the route of dissemination. Here we show that human melanoma cell lines derived from LN metastases express ligands for natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) and DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1), two emerging NK cell receptors key for cancer cell recognition, but not NK group 2 member D (NKG2D). Compared with cell lines derived from metastases taken from other anatomical sites, LN metastases were more susceptible to NK cell lysis and preferentially targeted by adoptively transferred NK cells in a xenogeneic model of cell therapy. In mice, DNAM-1 and NCR ligands were also found on spontaneous melanomas and melanoma cell lines. Interference with DNAM-1 and NCRs by antibody blockade or genetic disruption reduced killing of melanoma cells. Taken together, these results show that DNAM-1 and NCRs are critical for NK cell-mediated innate immunity to melanoma cells and provide a background to design NK cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies against melanoma and possibly other tumors.

In this study, 20 taxonomic ranks were diagnosed, and Deuteromycota outperformed all the isolates, as it recorded nine taxonomic ranks, including five of them belonging to the genus Aspergillus and four of them to the genus Penicillium, followed by Ascomycota, which displayed five taxonomic ranks, two ranks belong to the genus Alternaría and three to the genus Alternaría. Species belonged to different races, while the vaccinated fungi, Zygomycota exhibited three taxonomic ranks, two of them belong to the genus Mucor and one to the genus Rhizopus, while the oval fungi, Oomycota displayed two species belonging to the genus Pythium, while the sterile fungi, Sterill mycilia revealed the lowest numerical level among the rest of the studied fungi.

The current study diagnosed 24 plant species distributed over 12 plant families from several gardens at the University of Samarra during the flowering period, and they were diagnosed by experts from the Iraqi National Herbarium. Centaurea sp., Eclipta prostrata, Silybum marianum, Sonchus oleraceus, Sphagneticola trilobata and Taraxacum officinale, followed by the Brassicaceae family, which included three genera, namely Eruca vesicaria, Lepidium draba and Sisymbrium irio, while the rest of the two families ranged between one to two genus.

Bacteria-specific uptake rates of three different protozoan taxa on a pure and mixed bacterial community was studied by means of a simplified and functionally reproducible experimental model. The bacterial species Shigella flexneri , Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi were isolated and classified from stool samples of patients suffering from diarrhea. Paramecium caudatum , Tetrahymena pyriformis and Halteria grandinella , free living ciliate Protozoans, were isolated and identified from Tigris river water. Pure and mixed ( E. coli  +  S. typhi ), ( E. coli  +  Sh. flexneri ) bacterial cultures were used with each ciliate genera to evaluate the following: predator duplication rate, prey reduction rate, clearance rate and net grazing rate. We used selective lactose fermentation phenomena of enteric bacteria on MacConkey medium for the quantification of bacteria cultural characteristics. The final bacteria concentration was reduced by growing protozoa of 98–99.9 % compared to protozoa-free controls. It showed that Tetrahymena pyriformis had the highest duplication rate (4.13 time/day) in both types of cultures (pure and mixed), followed by Paramecium caudatum and Halteria grandinella, respectively. Paramecium caudatum had the highest rate of ingestion in both types of cultures (26 × 10 3 bacteria/organism/hr) and yielded the longest time required for 90 % bacterial reduction in a pure suspension of S. typhi (166 h). Clearance rates of pathogenic bacteria by ciliates ranged between 106 nanoliter/organism/h by P. caudatum to S. typhi and 1.92 nanoliter/organism/h seen in T. pyriformis in ( E. coli  +  S. typhi ) mixed culture. We used aquatic experimental microcosms under controlled conditions to explore bacteria-dependent ciliate growth and examined whether these ciliates could discriminate between equally sized bacterial preys in a mixture.

An important checkpoint in the progression of melanoma is the metastasis to lymph nodes. Here, to investigate the role of lymph node NK cells in disease progression, we analyze frequency, phenotype and functions of NK cells from tumour-infiltrated (TILN) and tumour-free ipsilateral lymph nodes (TFLN) of the same patients. We show an expansion of CD56 dim CD57 dim CD69+CCR7+KIR+ NK cells in TILN. TILN NK cells display robust cytotoxic activity against autologous melanoma cells. In the blood of metastatic melanoma patients, the frequency of NK cells expressing the receptors for CXCL8 receptor is increased compared with healthy subjects, and blood NK cells also express the receptors for CCL2 and IL-6. These factors are produced in high amount in TILN and in vitro switch the phenotype of blood NK cells from healthy donors to the phenotype associated with TILN. Our data suggest that the microenvironment of TILN generates and/or recruits a particularly effective NK cell subset. The role of NK cells in tumour lymphatics is poorly understood. Here, the authors show that the tumour cell-infiltrated lymph nodes of melanoma patients have an altered cytokine milieu and contain an expanded population of NK cells with high tumour-cytotoxic activity.

An important checkpoint in the progression of melanoma is the metastasis to lymph nodes. Here, to investigate the role of lymph node NK cells in disease progression, we analyze frequency, phenotype and functions of NK cells from tumour-infiltrated (TILN) and tumour-free ipsilateral lymph nodes (TFLN) of the same patients. We show an expansion of CD56(dim)CD57(dim)CD69 + CCR7 +KIR+ NK cells in TILN. TILN NK cells display robust cytotoxic activity against autologous melanoma cells. In the blood of metastatic melanoma patients, the frequency of NK cells expressing the receptors for CXCL8 receptor is increased compared with healthy subjects, and blood NK cells also express the receptors for CCL2 and IL-6. These factors are produced in high amount in TILN and in vitro switch the phenotype of blood NK cells from healthy donors to the phenotype associated with TILN. Our data suggest that the microenvironment of TILN generates and/or recruits a particularly effective NK cell subset.

•Only 56% of Arab parents plan to vaccinate their children, indicating that there are still some reservations among them.•Many parents are reluctant to vaccinate their children because of the vaccine's side effects, efficacy, safety, and scheduling difficulties.•Parents were encouraged to vaccinate their children through a doctor's advice, enough information, public acceptance of the vaccine, and a school district's obligation, among other methods. The issue around vaccination of children has brought divergent opinions among the populations across the globe and among the Arab population. There has been a low response rate to the calls for vaccination of children and this is reflective of the sentiments which parents may have towards their children being vaccinated. This study aims to explore the parents’ health beliefs, intentions, and strategies towards the COVID-19 vaccine for their children among Arab population. A cross-sectional study using an online survey from October to December 2021, was carried out in five Arab countries in the Middle East. A reliable health belief model (HBM) including five domains: severity, susceptibility, benefits, barriers and cues to action, was adopted. Chi-square, Mann–Whitney test, and multivariable logistic regression were performed for data analysis. The survey response rate was 58 % (1154/2000). Only 56 % of Arab parents are intended to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. The mean scores of parental health belief are largely driven by their concern over the vaccine’s side effect (p = 0.001) followed by its efficacy, safety (p < 0.001), and scheduling difficulty (p = 0.029). However, strategies that were statistically encouraged parents to vaccinate their children included doctor’s recommendation, adequate information being provided, and acceptance of the vaccine by public (p < 0.001). Parents with one child were almost three times most likely to vaccinate their children (OR = 2.660, 95 %CI = 1.572–4.504, p < 0.001). Parents' desire to vaccinate their children is also influenced by other factors such as job loss owing to COVID-19 and the presence of a health worker in the family. Intention of Arab parents to vaccinate their children via COVID-19 vaccine is still limited. Thus, it is essential for health care authorities to avail the information which will debunk the erroneous beliefs which some parents have developed towards the vaccination of children against COVID-19.

Purpose Over the past decade, the term prosumption (denoting simultaneous consumption and production) has exhibited a dramatic increase in frequency of use in publications in the social sciences and business studies. This paper aims to explore the current state of research into prosumption, particularly related to marketing. Design/methodology/approach This study systematically reviews papers on prosumption extracted from the Web of Science, using two bibliometric analyses on 20 years of data: citation counts from HistCite and bibliographic coupling and cartography analysis from the visualization of similarities software VOSviewer. A total of 75 papers on prosumption were found from the period 1997-2017, and the most influential authors, articles, journals, institutions and countries among these were determined. Furthermore, bibliographic coupling and most co-occurrent keywords in the title, keywords and abstracts were found. Findings This study found that the USA and the UK were the most influential among prosumption publications. Ritzer was the most prominent author and Journal of Consumer Culture was the top-ranking journal. Three clusters were found using bibliographic coupling and cartography analysis: prosumer and co-creation, prosumer and user-generated content and prosumer and informational capital. Research limitations/implications This analysis provided a basis for conceptualizing publications on prosumption related to business and sociology in the discipline of marketing. Content analysis found that prosumption research in marketing is in early stages: little quantitative study has been conducted yet. Researchers have not yet constructed a quantitative measure for prosumption. Practical implications Business firms can engage prosumers to gain market share and competitive advantage, especially relative to value co-creation, with near-zero marginal cost. Originality/value This may be the first bibliometric analysis and systematic review of prosumption research in marketing studies. The achievements of this paper open new avenues for other prosumption researchers.

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Azzawiyah region in Babylon Governorate during the spring and autumn seasons of 2023-2024 to study the effect of foliar nutrition and the addition of plant waste on the vegetative growth characteristics of three potato cultivars. The experiment included three factors, as the main plots included three cultivars (Synergy, Burren and El-Mundo). sub-plots included four levels of plant waste (rice waste compost), while the sub-sub plots included three concentrations of foliar spray of the nutrient solution microponic. The experiment was applied using the split-split plots system according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The results showed that the El-Mundo cultivar significantly excelled on the Synergy and Burren cultivars in the average plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and dry weight of shoots, in contrats the Burren cultivar was significantly excelled on the Synergy and El-Mundo cultivars in the average number of aerial stems for both seasons respectively. The treatment of adding rice waste compost + 25% NPK fertilizer gave the highest average in plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and dry weight of shoots compared to control treatment, in comparison the treatment of adding rice waste compost + 50% NPK fertilizer showed a significant excel in the average of number of aerial stems compared to control treatment for both seasons respectively. The foliar spray treatment with microponic nutrient solution at a concentration of 200 ml 100 L −1 water gave the highest average in plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of shoots and number of aerial stems, compared to control treatment and for both seasons respectively. All the treatments of the bi-interactions showed a significantly excellent rate in the rate of vegetative growth characteristics compared to the control treatment. The results of the triple interaction showed a significant effect, as the interaction treatment between Elmundo cultivar and the addition of rice waste compost + 25% NPK fertilizer and foliar spraying at a concentration of 200 ml 100 L −1 of water gave a significant increase in the average plant height (54.73, 60.59) cm, the number of leaves (46.92, 57.09) leaf plant −1 , the leaf area (6888, 9182) cm 2 , and the dry weight of shoots (38.25, 43.96) g, while the interaction treatment between the Burren cultivar and the addition of rice waste compost + 50% NPK fertilizer and foliar spraying at a concentration of 200 ml 100 L −1 of water gave a significant increase in the average number of aerial stems(3.87, 4.53) stem plant −1 compared to control treatment for both seasons respectively