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Nigeria is a country colonized by Britain in 19th century and got its independence in 1960 with the condition of remaining as one of the Commonwealth of Nations. Nigeria is a West African Nation with apopulation of 200 million people. Is a country endowed with many natural resources and at the same time the highest petrol exporter among African countries. Nigeria has also huge amount of Natural Gas. The country has 910.802 km2 of land mass. %49.9 of Nigerians live in urban centres while %51.1 live in village areas. As a result of the fall of petrol prices in 2014 Nigeria’s economy has decreased by -%6.3 and later appreciated a litle bit by %2.7. In 2016 the economy has decreased by -%2.2. The inflation rate in 2015 was %9 while it doubled to %18.8 in 2016. The major challenges of Nigeria’s economic growth are the lack of enough investors, energy bottleneck, bad leadership and inadequate Access to fund for private sector. Another problem faced by the economy of Nigeria is bribery and corruption. Additionally, the Boko Haram crises make foreign investors to run away from the country. The attacks on oil companies, wells and installation in the oil-rich Niger Delta region together with the abduction of foreign nationals have negatively affected Nigeria’s economy. As a result of these poverty and joblessness become the order of the day. Nigeria being rich in petrol and natural gas resources can be said to become Turkey’s strategic business partner. Turkey Nigeria relationship dated back to 1960s. Since this period to date, Turkey and Nigeria cooperated in the areas of economic development, education and defence. There are almost 3 thousand Nigerian studentsstudying in different Universities across Turkey. In 2015 25 thousand Nigerian tourists visited Turkey. In the last years due to the ability of 19 Turkish Universities to be among the best Universities in the world, Turkey has experinced great flood of foreign students. Due to this the review of the economic resources of the two countries will benefit both. In this work Turkey-Nigeria economic relationships would be examined and analysed.

Çalışma,üç bölümden oluşmaktadır.Birinci Bölüm,genel olarak bölgesel dengesizlikle ilgili teorilerden oluşmaktadır.Önce bölgesel dengesizliğin tanımı yapılmış ve bölgesel dengesizlikle ilgili olan teoriler açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.Çalışmada,Birinci Bölüme yer verilmesinin amacı,özellikle konunun uzmanlarının görüşlerinden yararlanarak bölgesel dengesizliBin çerçevesini çizmek,belirlenen çerçeve ve sistematiğin kapsamı içerisinde araştırma konusunu sürdürmektir.İkinci Bölümde ise İtalya ve çeşitli Avrupa ülkelerinde bölgeler arası dengesizliği gidermeye yönelik politikaların değerlendirilmesi örnek alınarak,Türkiye uygulamaları üzerinde bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır.Türkiye'de bölgesel dengesizlikleri gidermeye yönelik politikaların incelenmesine geçmeden önce bölge kavramı incelenmiş,sonrada bölgesel dengesizliklere yol açan nedenler ve bölgeler arası dengesizliğin göstergeleri üzerinde durulmuştur.İkinci Bölüm'ün son kısmında ise az gelişmiş bölgelerin kalkındırılması amacıyla plânlı dönemde ele alınan politikalar hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.Üçüncü Bölüm'de ise Türkiye'deki bölgesel dengesizliği gidermeye yönelik yatiriımların en önemlilerinden birisi olan GAP Projesi,çeşitli yönleriyle ele alınarak incelenmesine çalışılmıştır.Doğu ile Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgeleri'nin kalkınmasında GAP Progesinin önemi belirtilerek gelecekte bölgedemeydana gelmesi muhtemel gelişmeler üzerinde fikir ileri sürülmüştür.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common opportunistic infections in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Mycobacterium tuberculosis may cause more TB in all stages of HIV infection than in the general population, with the incidence of TB and the spread of pulmonary TB to other organs increasing as the CD4 count decreases. In this HIV cohort study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical features, diagnosis, and prognosis of TB among PLHIV in Türkiye. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to analyze clinical outcomes and identify determinants of mortality among people living with HIV (PLHIV) co-infected with tuberculosis. We included 264 patients diagnosed and treated for TB across six centers in Türkiye. We extracted clinical, demographic, laboratory, microbiological, and radiological data from patient medical records. To identify independent predictors of mortality, we performed multivariable logistic regression and reported the results as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Of the 9,687 PLHIV who were followed for 10 years, 2.7% (264 individuals) developed TB. The median age of these individuals was 40 years, and 89% were male. The prevalence of pulmonary TB only, extrapulmonary TB only, and the coexistence of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB were 42.4%, 48.8%, and 8.7%, respectively. Opportunistic infections and cancers were found in 23% (62 out of 264) of patients with HIV/TB co-infection. Among patients with HIV/TB co-infection, 42% showed lymphadenopathy, with 70% of these cases being generalized. In patients who underwent chest CT scans (n=200), radiological patterns revealed post primary TB in 46%, primary TB in 36%, and miliary TB in 18%. The positivity rates of Ehrlich-Ziehl-Neelsen staining (EZN), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and TB cultures in clinical samples were found to be 47.5%, 72.5%, and 53%, respectively. Most of our patients (95%) were given the standard TB treatment regimen (HRZE), with a paradoxical reaction observed in 11.6% of cases and hepatotoxicity occurring in 18% of cases. Age, CD4 count (<200 cells/mm3-late presenters), and thrombocytopenia were identified as independent risk factors for mortality in the 58 patients (22%) who died after diagnosis. Even today, more than one fifth of patients with HIV-TB co-infection in our cohort died. Mortality was higher among individuals who presented late with tuberculosis disease, especially those with advanced immunosuppression (CD4 <200 cells/μL). These findings underscore the urgent need for early HIV diagnosis and systematic TB screening to reduce co-infection-related mortality and improve clinical outcomes.

This study aimed to investigate the clinical manifestations, treatment patterns, and clinical outcomes of patients with immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) across Türkiye via an interim analysis of the Turkish iTTP Registry. A total of 215 patients with iTTP (median age at diagnosis: 41 years; 58.6% female) diagnosed between 2001 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed in the interim analysis of a prospective non-interventional observational multicenter iTTP registry study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05950750) conducted at 19 tertiary hematology centers. Data on patient demographics, disease characteristics at initial admission, treatment characteristics and responses, exacerbations/relapses, and survival outcome were obtained from electronic case report forms. Infection (15.0%), new drug initiation (9.7%), and pregnancy/postpartum period (6.3%) within 3 weeks before diagnosis were the most prevalent potential triggers. Patients presented most commonly with systemic/constitutional (fatigue: 68.8%; fever: 18.1%) and neurological (headache: 40.0%; vertigo: 32.1%) symptoms, followed by hemorrhagic, gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular manifestations. Based on PLASMIC risk scoring, 77.8% of patients were initially at high risk for TTP. The initial treatment was begun within the first 48 hours of hospital admission for 64.1% of patients (36.2% on the day of admission). Treatment was mainly based on therapeutic plasma exchange (92.1%) and steroids (63.7%), while rituximab was used in 15.8% of patients. The clinical response rate was 79.9% and clinical remission was achieved by 68.2% of patients. Regarding a thrombospondin type 1 motif member (ADAMTS13) 13 levels, partial and complete responses were achieved by 17.7% and 14.6%, respectively. During a median of 30 months (range: 0.1-262.4 months) of follow-up, 35 patients experienced exacerbations/relapses. Mortality occurred in 11 (5.5%) patients and was found to be disease-related in 6 cases (3.0%). This interim analysis of the nationwide Turkish iTTP Registry study provides valuable data on real-world clinical practices in the diagnosis and management of iTTP at different hematology clinics across the country.

This study aimed to investigate the genetic characterization and diversity of Hair goats from 10 regions using 20 microsatellite markers. A total of 522 alleles were observed. The INRA0023 locus exhibited the greatest number of alleles (48), while the DRBP1 locus had the highest effective allele number (16.27), and the BM1818 and DRBP1 loci had the highest polymorphic information content value (0.94). The expected heterozygosity value ranged from 0.85 (ILSTS011) to 0.94 (BM1818, SRCRSP15, and DRBP1). The Hair goat populations in Konya and Hatay displayed the lowest and highest allele numbers, with values of 10.40 and 16.25, respectively. The fixation index (FIS) values are significant in defining population structures and determining the extent of heterozygosity losses. The FIS values exhibited a range of 0.031 in Muǧla to 0.226 in Burdur. A total of 107 unique alleles were identified in Hair goat populations. However, it is noteworthy that, out of all the alleles, only 25 had a frequency exceeding 5 %. The results indicate that the microsatellite markers utilized demonstrate sufficient levels of polymorphism, making them appropriate for efficiently investigating the genetic variability of Hair goat populations.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common opportunistic infections in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Mycobacterium tuberculosis may cause more TB in all stages of HIV infection than in the general population, with the incidence of TB and the spread of pulmonary TB to other organs increasing as the CD4 count decreases. In this HIV cohort study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical features, diagnosis, and prognosis of TB among PLHIV in Türkiye. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to analyze clinical outcomes and identify determinants of mortality among people living with HIV (PLHIV) co-infected with tuberculosis. We included 264 patients diagnosed and treated for TB across six centers in Türkiye. We extracted clinical, demographic, laboratory, microbiological, and radiological data from patient medical records. To identify independent predictors of mortality, we performed multivariable logistic regression and reported the results as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Of the 9,687 PLHIV who were followed for 10 years, 2.7% (264 individuals) developed TB. The median age of these individuals was 40 years, and 89% were male. Even today, more than one fifth of patients with HIV-TB co-infection in our cohort died. Mortality was higher among individuals who presented late with tuberculosis disease, especially those with advanced immunosuppression (CD4 <200 cells/[mu]L). These findings underscore the urgent need for early HIV diagnosis and systematic TB screening to reduce co-infection-related mortality and improve clinical outcomes.

In this research, polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA)/gelatin (GEL)/propolis (Ps) biocompatible nanofiber patches were fabricated via electrospinning technique. The controlled release of Propolis, surface wettability behaviors, antimicrobial activities against the S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, and biocompatibility properties with the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were investigated in detail. By adding 0.5, 1, and 3 wt.% GEL into the 13 wt.% PVA, the morphological and mechanical results suggested that 13 wt.% PVA/0.5 wt.% GEL patch can be an ideal matrix for 3 and 5 wt.% propolis addition. Morphological results revealed that the diameters of the electrospun nanofiber patches were increased with GEL (from 290 nm to 400 nm) and Ps addition and crosslinking process cause the formation of thicker nanofibers. The tensile strength and elongation at break enhancement were also determined for 13 wt.% PVA/0.5 wt.% GEL/3 wt.% Ps patch. Propolis was released quickly in the first hour and arrived at a plateau. Cell culture and contact angle results confirmed that the 3 wt.% addition of propolis reinforced mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and wettability properties of the patches. The antimicrobial activity demonstrated that propolis loaded patches had antibacterial activity against the S. aureus, but for P. aeruginosa, more studies should be performed.

Background: Hypotension is a common adverse effect associated with the use of propofol and sodium thiopental. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of thiopental and propofol on erythrocyte (RBC) nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity and RBC-mediated NO release. Methods: A prospective, interventional in vitro trial. Male patients aged between 18 and 45 years with a classification of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I, defined as healthy individuals, were included in this study. Venous blood samples (20 mL) were obtained from patients who met the inclusion criteria. Measurements were performed using the specific fluorescent probes for NO and calcium (Ca2+). Propofol and sodium thiopental were added to the suspensions at doses of 100, 250, 500, and 1000 μM and incubated for 30 min. All suspensions were proceeded to flow cytometric analysis. Nitrite/nitrate concentration was measured in the supernatant of RBC suspensions after centrifugation. RBC deformability and aggregation were measured by laser diffraction analysis using an ektacytometer. The primary outcome was to evaluate the effects of sodium thiopental and propofol on RBC-NOS activity. Results: Sodium thiopental caused significant increase in intracellular NO concentrations at all doses studied (p < 0.001). Importantly, the intracellular NO concentration increment was positively correlated with sodium thiopental concentration in the suspensions. The presence of L-N-acetylmethyl-arginine in the experimental medium abolished NO production in RBCs in response to sodium thiopental. Sodium thiopental caused increased nitrite and nitrate levels in the suspension medium in a dose-dependent manner. Incubation with thiopental caused an increase in intracellular free Ca+2 levels while propofol induced no change. Sodium thiopental and propofol caused significant decrement in RBC aggregation. Conclusions: This study presents the initial evidence of augmented RBC-mediated NO production and release in response to sodium thiopental administration. In contrast to the effects observed with sodium thiopental, our results demonstrated that propofol had no impact on RBC-mediated NO production.

Diabetic foot patients frequently experience delayed wound healing due to compromised vascularity and oxygenation, which increases the risk of graft failure. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has demonstrated potential in enhancing graft survival and accelerating wound healing in these patients. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of HBOT in improving graft success and wound healing rates in diabetic foot patients undergoing foot graft reconstruction. Forty‐five diabetic patients with tissue defects requiring graft procedures were included. Among these, 28 patients received HBOT (2.4 ATA for 120 min daily), and 17 served as controls. Wound healing was assessed based on milestones of wound closure (25%, 50%, 75% and complete healing). The control group consisted of patients with adequate graft nutrition who did not require HBOT or were unable to undergo HBOT for other reasons. Statistical analyses were performed to compare healing times and graft retention rates between the two groups. Patients in the HBOT group exhibited significantly faster healing, with a median time to 50% healing of 18 days compared to 30.5 days in the control group (p < 0.05). A moderate negative correlation was observed between graft retention rates and time to complete healing (p < 0.05), indicating that higher graft retention was associated with shorter healing times. Despite higher HbA1c levels in the HBOT group, favourable healing outcomes were achieved. No adverse effects were reported in the HBOT group. HBOT significantly enhances graft survival and accelerates wound healing in diabetic foot patients, even in cases with poor glycaemic control. HBOT emerges as a valuable adjunctive treatment for patients with compromised vascular beds and hypoxic tissues. Future randomised controlled trials are needed to validate these results.