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Forgotten Men and Fallen Women
During the Great Depression and into the war years, the Roosevelt administration sought to transform the political, institutional, and social contours of the United States. One result of the New Deal was the emergence and deployment of a novel set of narratives-reflected in social scientific case studies, government documents, and popular media-meant to reorient relationships among gender, race, sexuality, and national political power. InForgotten Men and Fallen Women, Holly Allen focuses on the interplay of popular and official narratives of forgotten manhood, fallen womanhood, and other social and moral archetypes. In doing so, she explores how federal officials used stories of collective civic identity to enlist popular support for the expansive New Deal state and, later, for the war effort.
These stories, she argues, had practical consequences for federal relief politics. The \"forgotten man,\" identified by Roosevelt in a fireside chat in 1932, for instance, was a compelling figure of collective civic identity and the counterpart to the white, male breadwinner who was the prime beneficiary of New Deal relief programs. He was also associated with women who were blamed either for not supporting their husbands and family at all (owing to laziness, shrewishness, or infidelity) or for supporting them too well by taking their husbands' jobs, rather than staying at home and allowing the men to work.
During World War II, Allen finds, federal policies and programs continued to be shaped by specific gendered stories-most centrally, the story of the heroic white civilian defender, which animated the Office of Civilian Defense, and the story of the sacrificial Nisei (Japanese-American) soldier, which was used by the War Relocation Authority. The Roosevelt administration's engagement with such widely circulating narratives, Allen concludes, highlights the affective dimensions of U.S. citizenship and state formation.
eBook
Apoptosis modulates protective immunity to the pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum
Pathogen-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes is associated with increased susceptibility to infection. In this study, we determined whether apoptosis influenced host resistance to the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The level of apoptotic leukocytes progressively increased in the lungs of naive and immune mice during the course of H. capsulatum infection. T cells constituted the dominant apoptotic population. Apoptosis was diminished in H. capsulatum-infected gld/gld and TNF-alpha-deficient mice; concomitantly, the fungal burden exceeded that of controls. Treatment of naive and H. capsulatum-immune mice with caspase inhibitors decreased apoptosis but markedly enhanced the severity of infection. Administration of a proapoptotic dose of suramin diminished the fungal burden. The increased burden in recipients of a caspase inhibitor was associated with elevations in IL-4 and IL-10 levels. In the absence of either of these cytokines, caspase inhibition suppressed apoptosis but did not increase the fungal burden. Thus, apoptosis is a critical element of protective immunity to H. capsulatum. Production of IL-4 and IL-10 is markedly elevated when apoptosis is inhibited, and the release of these cytokines exacerbates the severity of infection.
Journal Article
Uncle Sam’s Wayside Inns
An elderly African American transient graces the cover of the October 19, 1935, edition of theSaturday Evening Post. A road sign for U.S. Route 1 in New York State suggests his journey southward. The hobo’s complacent demeanor and the migratory birds at his sides imply that he does not seek permanent settlement elsewhere, but is rather engaged in a cycle of continuous migration.¹ An ornate signature occupies a bottom corner of the image, informing Post readers that this arresting image is the work of J. C. Leyendecker, a long-timePostillustrator who was well known for his attractive—some
Book Chapter
Civilian Protectors and Meddlesome Women
On June 13, 1942, New Yorkers witnessed what one promoter described as “the greatest parade the United States has ever seen.” The eleven-hour spectacle featured “300 floats, scores of bands, and thousands of flags and banners.” The parade’s prologue, “America Mobilizes,” told the story of the Second World War in a series of spectacular floats. Six marching divisions followed, divided equally between military and civilian units. The parade ended at dusk with a small torchlight pro cession. At scheduled intervals, fighter planes flew overhead, and an air-raid drill briefly halted festivities in the middle of the day.¹
The parade was
Book Chapter
The War to Save the Forgotten Man
In an Albany radio address in the spring of 1932, Franklin Roosevelt introduced the “forgotten man” into the nation’s political imagination. In a speech on national economic policy, he proclaimed, “These unhappy times call for the building of plans that … put faith once more in the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid.” In describing the forgotten man, he referred to the nation’s unemployed, but also to modest farmers, homeowners, and small investors whose buying and saving power was failing due to the “top-down” policies of the Hoover administration. If elected, Roosevelt declared, he would make resolving
Book Chapter