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"Allen, R"
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Ribosome pausing, arrest and rescue in bacteria and eukaryotes
Ribosomes translate genetic information into polypeptides in several basic steps: initiation, elongation, termination and recycling. When ribosomes are arrested during elongation or termination, the cell's capacity for protein synthesis is reduced. There are numerous quality control systems in place to distinguish between paused ribosomes that need some extra input to proceed and terminally stalled ribosomes that need to be rescued. Here, we discuss similarities and differences in the systems for resolution of pauses and rescue of arrested ribosomes in bacteria and eukaryotes, and how ribosome profiling has transformed our ability to decipher these molecular events.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Perspectives on the ribosome’.
Journal Article
The role of charge in microdroplet redox chemistry
In charged water microdroplets, which occur in nature or in the lab upon ultrasonication or in electrospray processes, the thermodynamics for reactive chemistry can be dramatically altered relative to the bulk phase. Here, we provide a theoretical basis for the observation of accelerated chemistry by simulating water droplets of increasing charge imbalance to create redox agents such as hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals and solvated electrons. We compute the hydration enthalpy of OH
−
and H
+
that controls the electron transfer process, and the corresponding changes in vertical ionization energy and vertical electron affinity of the ions, to create OH
•
and H
•
reactive species. We find that at ~ 20 − 50% of the Rayleigh limit of droplet charge the hydration enthalpy of both OH
−
and H
+
have decreased by >50 kcal/mol such that electron transfer becomes thermodynamically favorable, in correspondence with the more favorable vertical electron affinity of H
+
and the lowered vertical ionization energy of OH
−
. We provide scaling arguments that show that the nanoscale calculations and conclusions extend to the experimental microdroplet length scale. The relevance of the droplet charge for chemical reactivity is illustrated for the formation of H
2
O
2
, and has clear implications for other redox reactions observed to occur with enhanced rates in microdroplets.
Redox reactions exhibit different thermodynamics and kinetics in water microdroplets compared to the bulk. Here, the authors use reactive molecular dynamics to show the importance of charged reactive species in explaining reactivity under confinement.
Journal Article
A bright monomeric green fluorescent protein derived from Branchiostoma lanceolatum
This is a report of mNeonGreen, a very bright and monomeric green fluorescent protein with little sequence identity to existing fluorescent proteins.
We report a monomeric yellow-green fluorescent protein, mNeonGreen, derived from a tetrameric fluorescent protein from the cephalochordate
Branchiostoma lanceolatum
. mNeonGreen is the brightest monomeric green or yellow fluorescent protein yet described to our knowledge, performs exceptionally well as a fusion tag for traditional imaging as well as stochastic single-molecule superresolution imaging and is an excellent fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) acceptor for the newest cyan fluorescent proteins.
Journal Article
Sulforaphane’s Multifaceted Potential: From Neuroprotection to Anticancer Action
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a naturally occurring compound found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and cauliflower. It has been widely studied for its potential as a neuroprotective and anticancer agent. This review aims to critically evaluate the current evidence supporting the neuroprotective and anticancer effects of SFN and the potential mechanisms through which it exerts these effects. SFN has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway, the modulation of neuroinflammation, and epigenetic mechanisms. In cancer treatment, SFN has demonstrated the ability to selectively induce cell death in cancer cells, inhibit histone deacetylase, and sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. SFN has also shown chemoprotective properties through inhibiting phase I metabolizing enzymes, modulating phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, and targeting cancer stem cells. In addition to its potential as a therapeutic agent for neurological disorders and cancer treatment, SFN has shown promise as a potential treatment for cerebral ischemic injury and intracranial hemorrhage. Finally, the ongoing and completed clinical trials on SFN suggest potential therapeutic benefits, but more research is needed to establish its effectiveness. Overall, SFN holds significant promise as a natural compound with diverse therapeutic applications.
Journal Article
Interrogation nation : refugees and spies in Cold War Germany
\"Drawing on newly declassified espionage files, Keith R. Allen reveals long-hidden interrogation systems that were set up by Germany's Western occupiers to protect internal security and gather intelligence about the Soviet Union as the Cold War brought millions of refugees and tens of thousands of spies to Germany\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Bringing nuclear materials discovery and qualification into the 21st century
Time horizons for nuclear materials development and qualification must be shortened to realize future nuclear energy concepts. Inspired by the Materials Genome Initiative, we present an integrated approach to materials discovery and qualification to insert new materials into service.
Journal Article