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The effect of heat pipe thermosiphon in reducing the operating temperature of a photovoltaic panel has been analyzed theoretically and experimentally in this paper. Copper heat pipe thermosiphon with acetone as a working fluid was used. The theoretical study involved a heat balance analysis of the panel with cylindrical heat pipe with surface contact with the panel bottom. The experimental study involved recording temperature variations, with and without a heat pipe, which had very good agreement with the theoretical results of 2.61%. Additionally, the optimum quantity of acetone was 50 mL, with a maximum reduction in panel temperature of 10 °C.

The study aimed to explore the impact of job burnout on the performance of paramedics in the Saudi Red Crescent in the Makkah region. The research employed the descriptive-analytical method to achieve its objectives, with the research population consisting of all employees at the Saudi Red Crescent Authority in the Makkah region. The study sample included 236 individuals, and the questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. In light of the findings, the study reached several key conclusions, There is negative moderate significant relationship between the emotional exhaustion dimension of the work environment and the performance of paramedics working for the Saudi Red Crescent Authority in the Makkah region. There is positive strong significant relationship between the (Reduced Personal Accomplishment) of job burnout on the performance of paramedics in the Saudi Red Crescent Authority in the Makkah region. There is negative moderate significant relationship between the (Depersonalization) of job burnout on the performance of paramedics in the Saudi Red Crescent Authority in the Makkah region. and based on these results, the study recommends the following: Implement psychological and stress management support programs. These should focus on helping paramedics cope with the high emotional demands of their jobs, providing mental health resources, counseling services, and stress-relief techniques to mitigate burnout. Offering continuous professional development, training, and career advancement opportunities could improve job satisfaction and reduce feelings of burnout. These initiatives should be tailored to different education levels and job titles to better align with paramedics' career trajectories. Encourage a collaborative and supportive work culture that strengthens team relationships and provides peer support. Recognizing paramedics for their contributions and accomplishments can boost morale.

This study aimed to assess perspectives and approaches of paramedics in the Saudi Red Crescent Authority regarding spine trauma management. Given the high prevalence of spinal injuries in Saudi Arabia, particularly from traffic incidents. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted among 236 Saudi red crescent authority paramedics. A structured questionnaire measured participants' perspectives and approaches on spine trauma management. The findings indicated that paramedics demonstrated adequate foundational knowledge, particularly regarding the mechanisms of spinal injury and basic immobilization techniques, with an average knowledge score of 4.01 out of 5. However, gaps were observed in familiarity with advanced protocols, such as ATLS, where responses were neutral. Attitudes toward evidence-based guidelines were generally positive, with a mean attitude score of 3.57, though confidence in handling complex spine trauma cases was lower. Practice scores revealed consistent application of basic immobilization techniques, yet documentation and reassessment practices were less rigorously applied. The study highlights a solid knowledge base among Saudi Red Crescent Authority paramedics but identifies specific areas for improvement, particularly in advanced protocol training, practical skills reinforcement, and documentation practices. Targeted training programs, scenario-based simulations, and feedback mechanisms are recommended to enhance paramedics' confidence, skills, and consistency in managing spine trauma.