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Periodontitis is an infectious illness which leads to the inflammation of protective tissues around the teeth and the continuous loss of alveolar bone and conjunctive tissue. Biomarker analysis in serum and saliva helps in the evaluation of disease progression and activity. It is also established that every inflammatory change along with resultant damage of tissues ends up in altered pH values in the fluids and tissues. Aim: To correlate the connection of pH levels in both blood as well as saliva in healthy, periodontitis, and gingivitis patients. Materials and Methods: The current research involved 145 subjects amidst the age of 20 and 55 years. The subjects were split into three different groups: healthy (Group A), gingivitis (Group B), and finally chronic periodontitis (Group C). The recording of clinical parameters was done by gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and plaque index (PI). pH of saliva and blood was analyzed with the help of digital single electrode pH meter. Subjects have gone through scaling and root planning (SRP) coupled with the instructions of oral hygiene. They were recalled post 4 weeks, and saliva and blood samples were gathered for analyzing pH. Results: Clinical parameters GI and PI were statistically important in both group C as well as group B post SRP. A crucial change has been observed in attachment levels (AL) and PD in the case of periodontitis group post SRP. The difference in the salivary pH values were significant between group B vs. C and A vs. C before the treatment because the values for group C were acidic, whereas in groups B and A the pH was alkaline. After the treatment, the values were still significant because the pH has become more alkaline compared to preoperative value in both group B and C. Saliva’s pH levels have demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in group C post SRP. Conclusion: Salivary pH levels and blood evidently became alkaline in the group C patients post SRP and there is a positive correlation between them and the clinical parameters.

Systemic and localized oral disease instigates alterations in salivary composition and content. The objective of the study was to evaluate the levels of salivary amylase, mucin, total protein levels, and periodontal inflammatory parameters in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertensive (HTN) patients, and healthy controls. The study sample was divided into three groups: healthy, T2DM, and HTN. Salivary samples were collected from the included participants and salivary flow rate (SFR) and pH were measured. The salivary levels of amylase, mucin, and total protein concentration were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of anti-hypertensive and hypoglycemic drugs on the salivary flow rate, salivary pH, mucin, amylase, and total protein concentrations was evaluated. The results were analyzed with Chi-squared and analysis of variance to compare the means and standard deviations of variables among the study groups. SFR was significantly (p < 0.01) lower among diabetics (0.78 ± 0.45 mL/min) in comparison to healthy (1.52 ± 0.62 mL/min) and hypertensive (1.07 ± 0.7 mL/min) subjects. PISA values were significantly higher in T2DM (1029 ± 234.6 mm2) and HTN (799.4 ± 155.05 mm2) subjects when compared to controls, indicating a high inflammatory burden of oral cavity caused by these conditions, and showed statistically significant difference between the groups (p-value < 0.001). Mucin levels were significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) in hypertensive patients (4.6 ± 1.17 units) compared to diabetics (3.59 ± 1.03 unit/mL) and healthy (2.26 ± 1.09 units/mL) subjects. Amylase levels were significantly higher among healthy subjects (1.76 ± 0.75 mg/mL) compared to both hypertensive (1.33 ± 1.0 mg/mL) and diabetic (0.88 ± 0.57 mg/mL) patients. Total protein concentration was significantly raised (p-value < 0.001) in diabetics (37.67 ± 3.12 mg/mL) compared to healthy (29.3 ± 3.22 mg/mL) subjects. Significant differences in BOP, CAL, and PPD was observed (p-value < 0.001). Use of antihypertensive and hypoglycemic drugs showed a significant influence on salivary flow rate, protein, mucin, and amylase levels. T2DM and HTN induced irregularities in salivary flow rate, pH, amylase, and mucin levels and showed an increased incidence of moderate to severe periodontitis in patients. UWS levels of SFR, mucin, amylase, and total protein can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in patients with T2DM and HTN with oral disease.

Periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease, pathogenic bacteria being the primary etiological agents. The host response and the severity of clinical manifestation are determined by genetic and environmental factors. There is some evidence that the individual response to environmental variations in the immune response in periodontitis is associated with genetic factors. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic enzymes located in the extracellular matrix. Their primary function is the breakdown of connective tissue components. Their role in the oral cavity is very vital. In this literature review, we summarized the contemporary knowledge on the function of MMPs in oral cavity and periodontal disease.

To investigate and compare the various restorative and prosthetic parameters affecting peri-implant tissues' health following dental implant placement and functional loading. A total of 484 dental implants (length>6mm, non-turned, 2-3 piece, titanium - Straumann) were evaluated for patients (male=271; female=213). Study variables such as patient's age, gender, implant restoration/crown type, crown retention, and implant crown status were assessed against various periodontal parameters (periodontal pocket depth (PPD), plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival color, and crestal bone level). All the data were analyzed using the SPSS software. Out of all the investigated dental implants, 201 (42%) of the implants investigated presented with BOP > one-site of the peri-implant mucosa (peri-implant mucositis), 115 (23.76%) presented with peri-implant marginal bone loss. PPD value was significantly lower in good crown status (p<0.0001). Majority of the patients with good crown status had no plaque accumulation based on the PI scores (52.7%). Only 35% of the patients whose crown status was good were having BOP when compared with 65% who did not have any BOP recorded. Gingival color (pale pink and red) showed statistically significant association with crown type (porcelain fused to metal v/s all ceramic) (p=0.005). Most of patients with crown status good had no change in their radiographic findings (94%) compared to only 6% who had implant threads exposed (p<0.0001). Optimal design of Implant prosthetic factors are vital for avoiding the development of peri-implant mucositis/peri-implantitis and must be considered during treatment planning while restoring dental implants.

Dental decay is known in the world as the most common human infectious disease. Ascending process of dental caries index in the world shows the failure of oral disease prevention. Streptococcus mutans bacteria cause acid damage and tooth decay by producing acid over time. Nanomaterials with suitable functionality, high permeability, extremely large surface area, significant reactivity, unique mechanical features, and non-bacterial resistance can be considered as promising agents for antimicrobial and antiviral applications. In this study, nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles with size range from 2 to 16 nm containing Stevia natural sweetener were eco-friendly synthesized via a simple method. Additionally, their various concentrations were evaluated on S. mutans bacteria by applying the broth dilution method. The results demonstrated that these spherical NiO nanoparticles had efficient bacteriostatic activity on this gram-positive coccus.

A series of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol)/titanium dioxide (PEVAL/TiO2) nanocomposites containing 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt% TiO2 were prepared by the solvent casting method. These prepared hybrid materials were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pores and their interconnections inside these nanocomposites were created using naphthalene microparticles used as a porogen after having been extracted by sublimation under a high vacuum at temperatures slightly below the glass transition temperature. A cellular activity test of these hybrid materials was performed on human gingival fibroblast cells (HGFs) in accordance with ISO 10993-5 and ISO 10993-12 standards. The bioviability (cell viability) of HGFs was evaluated after 1, 4 and 7 days using Alamar Blue®. The results were increased cell activity throughout the different culture times and a significant increase in cell activity in all samples from Day 1 to Day 7, and all systems tested showed significantly higher cell viability than the control group on Day 7 (p < 0.002). The adhesion of HGFs to the scaffolds studied by SEM showed that HGFs were successfully cultured on all types of scaffolds.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the properties of new dental formulations containing eugenyl-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (EgGMA) monomer, as restorative dental material, in terms of their degree of photopolymerization and cytotoxicity. The target model composites (TBEg0, TBEg2.5, and TBEg5) were prepared by mixing 35% organic matrix (TEGDMA/BisGMA (50/50 wt%) of which 0, 2.5, and 5 wt%, respectively, were replaced with EgGMA monomer) with 65% filler (silanized hydroxyapatite (HA)/zinc oxide (ZnO2), 4:3 by weight). The vinylic double-bond conversion (DC) after light-curing was studied using Fourier transform infrared technique whereas cell viability was in vitro tested using primary human gingival fibroblasts cells over 7 days by means of AlamarBlue colorimetric assay. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests. The results revealed no significant difference in DC between TBEg2.5 (66.49%) and control (TBEg0; 68.74%), whereas both differ significantly with TBEg5, likely due to the inhibitory effect of eugenol moiety at high concentration. The cell viability test indicated that all the composites are biocompatible. No significant difference was counted between TBEg2.5 and TBEg5, however, both differed significantly from the control (TBEg0). Thus, even though its apparent negative effect on polymerization, EgGMA is potentially safer than bisphenol-derived monomers. Such potential properties may encourage further investigations on term of EgGMA amount optimization, compatibility with other dental resins, and antimicrobial activity.

The aim is to compare the use of Cyanoacrylate adhesives (CAA) to the conventional suturing technique in terms of free gingival grafts (FGG) stability and healing in lower anterior and premolar regions. A split mouth design was initiated on 22 participants. Each side (from 2nd premolar to central incisor) was randomized to either the control or test groups. In the control group, sutures were used to stabilize the FGG, while, in the test group, the FGG was stabilized with butyl-cyanoacrylate. Full-periodontal clinical parameters were employed to assess the periodontal health. FGG-related parameters assessed included the keratinized tissue width (KTW), gingival tissue thickness (GTT), FGG shrinkage% and pain using the VAS score. No significant differences in the mean values of the KTW nor FGG shrinkage% across six time points (p < 0.05) were observed, whereas highly significant differences in the mean values of GTT across six time points (F = 3.32; p = 0.008) were observed. The use of CAA in FGG stability and healing is comparable to conventional suturing for soft tissue grafts in terms of success outcomes. With its cost effectiveness, lesser time consumption, post-operative pain and comparable graft stability and dimensions, the use of CAA may be a promising alternative for conventional and microsurgical techniques for the stabilization of FGG in the oral cavity.

Keywords: research ethics, research ethics committees (RECs), dental faculty, postgraduate students, Saudi Arabia. 1.INTRODUCTION Alongside clinical experience, scientific research is fundamental to evidence-based medicine for making decisions about an individual's healthcare [1]. In Saudi Arabia, limited data is available on researchers' knowledge, awareness and attitudes regarding research ethics and RECs. [...]this study aimed at examining these factors in dental faculties and postgraduate students of Saudi Arabia. 2.MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study among male and female members in dental faculties, and postgraduate students enrolled in both private and governmental dental colleges in Saudi Arabia. [...]we needed a total of 466 participants. [...]the participants who were aware of the existence of the national bioethics committee had significantly higher mean scores for research ethics knowledge and attitudes toward research practices (p < 0.0001), but their mean scores for attitudes toward RECs and education were not statistically significant.